NR 505 Exploring Research Results Discussion
NR 505 Exploring Research Results Discussion
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Using the following steps found within the translation phase of the Practice Evidence Translation (PET) model developed by Johns Hopkins, select a research result reported in a journal article that supports your PICOT/PICo question. Please respond to the following steps. Please note that wording of the steps may have been modified slightly from the PET so that they help with this posting. Include the permalink at the end of your posting.
- Using references, identity the research result that you could use in your practice setting.
- Determine fit, feasibility, and appropriateness of the result for your practice setting.
- Using Plan-Do-Study-Act (PDSA), outline an action plan.
- Identify the resources (physical, personal, technology) needed to implement your action plan.
- Determine the criteria that you would use to determine whether the implementation of your project was successful.
- Identify one future research study that would be useful in extending knowledge of your selected project result.Exploring Research Methodology: Review Article
Mimansha Patel1
, Nitin Patel2
1Executive QA, Department of Quality Assurance, Mylan Laboratories Ltd. Sarigam,
2Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, Government Engineering College Valsad, India
Corresponding Author: Mimansha Patel
ABSTRACT
Research methodology is a way to systematically solve the research problem. It may be understood as
a science of studying how research is done scientifically. In it we study the various steps that are
generally adopted by a researcher in studying his research problem along with the logic behind them.
It is necessary for the researcher to know not only the research methods/techniques but also the
methodology. Researchers not only need to know how to develop certain indices or tests, how to
calculate the mean, the mode, the median or the standard deviation or chi-square, how to apply
particular research techniques, but they also need to know which of these methods or techniques, are
relevant and which are not, and what would they mean and indicate and why. Researchers also need to
understand the assumptions underlying various techniques and they need to know the criteria by
which they can decide that certain techniques and procedures will be applicable to certain problems
and others will not. All this means that it is necessary for the researcher to design his methodology for
his problem as the same may differ from problem to problem.
Keywords: Research, Methodology, Research Methodology, Research Techniques, Qualitative
research, Quantitative Research
INTRODUCTION
Research in common parlance refers
to a search for knowledge. Once can also
define research as a scientific and
systematic search for pertinent information
on a specific topic. In fact, research is an art
of scientific investigation. The Advanced
Learner?s Dictionary of Current English
lays down the meaning of research as a
careful investigation or inquiry specially
through search for new facts in any branch
of knowledge. [1] Redman and Mory define
research as a systematized effort to gain
new knowledge. [2]
Methodology is the systematic,
theoretical analysis of the methods applied
to a field of study. It comprises the
theoretical analysis of the body of methods
and principles associated with a branch of
knowledge. Typically, it encompasses
concepts such as paradigm, theoretical
model, phases and quantitative or qualitative
techniques. [3]
Research Methodology is science of
studying how research is done scientifically.
A way to systematically solve the research
problem by logically adopting various steps.
Methodology helps to understand not only
the products of scientific inquiry but the
process itself. Research Methodology aims
to describe and analyze methods, throw
light on their limitations and resources,
clarify their limitations and resources,
clarify their presuppositions and
consequences, relating their potentialities to
the twilight zone at the frontiers of
knowledge?. [4]
Objectives of Research
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Vol.6; Issue: 3; March 2019
The purpose of research is to discover
answers to questions through the application
of scientific procedures. The main aim of
research is to find out the truth which is
hidden and which has not been discovered
as yet. Though each research study has its
own specific purpose, we may think of
research objectives as falling into a number
of following broad groupings:
1. To gain familiarity with a phenomenon or
to achieve new insights into it (studies with
this object in view are termed as exploratory
or formulative research studies);
2. To portray accurately the characteristics
of a particular individual, situation or a
group (studies with this object in view are
known as descriptive research studies);
3. To determine the frequency with which
something occurs or with which it is
associated with something else (studies with
this object in view are known as diagnostic
research studies);
4. To test a hypothesis of a causal
relationship between variables (such studies
are known as hypothesis-testing research
studies). [5]
Types of Research
Research can be classified on the
basis of time, purpose, settings, place and
technique. Some researches have
similarities and some have little variations.
But all the types of research have its own
significance.
Basic Research: It is also called as pure
research. Research for the sake of
enhancement of knowledge is termed as
Basic Research. It is done with the intention
of overpowering of the unknown facts. It is
concerned with the generalizations and also
with the formulation of new theory. Basic
research may not produce solutions or
results to the present problem but it
contributes something to the scientific
knowledge. Though its work may have zero
importance, but it may become useful in the
future.
Applied Research: It is also called as
practical research or need based? research.
The main intention is to find solutions to the
current problems being faced by an
institution, society, business or in
government offices. Research to identify
social, political and economic changes,
which has adverse effects in different
sectors are some of the examples of applied
research. This type of research is mainly
carried on with the secondary data.
Empirical Research: It is often referred to
as experimental research. In this primary
data is collected, analyzed, interpretation is
done and subjected to hypothesis testing.
Researcher should develop his experimental
designs and should provide working
hypothesis before the commencement of his
research for good output.
Qualitative Research: As the name itself
suggests, this research is concerned with the
qualitative process. It generally works with
the study of human behavior. By this
research one can find the body language,
attitude, opinions, feelings etc. from the
opposite person through observation. It is
mainly helpful for Psychiatrists and
interviewers. Many techniques are being
used like word association test, sentence
completion, drawing pictures, Thematic
Apperception Test. It is needed in times
where quantitative research does not work.
Hence, it is also called as Motivation
Research?.
Quantitative Research: This research is
mainly concerned with the measurement of
phenomenon in terms of quantity. Many a
times a debate is conducted between
qualitative and quantitative terms. An
example for the quantitative research is
carrying out senses for collecting
population, social, economic statistics of a
particular area. They are subjected to
statistical analysis. It relays mainly on
primary data like survey method and
questionnaire method. However, one can
observe the inter-dependence between one
another.
Descriptive Research: As the name itself
indicates, this research directly deals with
description. It includes different data
collection like survey method and factfinding techniques. The main character of
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this research is that, the researcher does not
have control over the variables. He should
describe what has happened and what is
happening. Most Ex post facto projects use
descriptive research.
Some other types of research: Apart from
the above types of research, there are many
other classifications like
Longitudinal Research which is spread
over for a long period of time. In this
change takes place gradually.
Historical Research which is concerned
with the collecting of auto biographies,
letters, documents, enquiries for knowing
the past.
Simulation Research deals with the
creation of an artificial environment which
is quite similar to real environment.
Depending upon the need of the situation
we can create and adjust to it. [6]
Significance of Research
? It helps in framing of policies: Research
helps in the framing of various
government policies. Nearly all the
government policies and budgets are
planned and executed through research
with the help of researcher. Annual
budget, monthly budget, monetary and
economic policies are all framed by the
government. The government is assisted
by various organizations for framing the
policies through research.
? Basic aim is to gain knowledge: It leads
to many ideas and changes old facts.
? It is used in business organization: Many
business companies hire researcher to
work on various things. It is used in
studying the changes taking place in the
market. It helps in capital budgeting, tax
management and cost saving policies.
? It leads to discovery and innovation of
unknown facts and unexplored theories.
It leads to the growth of the society and
its citizens. It gives chance to the
researcher to go deep into the subject
and to innovate it.
? It avoids superstitious beliefs, myths and
prejudices: Many people are still not
aware of the research activities and its
importance. Many ancient beliefs and
myths have been proven wrong with the
help of research.
? It leads to development of social welfare
and society.
? It is useful for PhD students to write
their thesis.
Thus, Research is a fountain of knowledge,
which helps in solving all government
policies, business problems, avoids
superstitious beliefs and helps in the
development and maturity of society and its
citizens. [6]
Research Process:
1. Formulating the research problem:
There are two types of research
problems, viz., those which relate to
states of nature and those which relate to
relationships between variables. At the
very outset the researcher must single
out the problem he wants to study, i.e.,
he must decide the general area of
interest or aspect of a subject-matter that
he would like to inquire into. Initially
the problem may be stated in a broad
general way and then the ambiguities, if
any, relating to the problem be resolved.
Then, the feasibility of a particular
solution has to be considered before a
working formulation of the problem can
be set up. The formulation of a general
topic into a specific research problem,
thus, constitutes the first step in ascientific enquiry. Essentially two steps
are involved in formulating the research
problem, viz., understanding the
problem thoroughly, and rephrasing the
same into meaningful terms from an
analytical point of view.
2. Extensive literature survey: Once the
problem is formulated, a brief summary
of it should be written down. It is
compulsory for a research worker
writing a thesis for a Ph.D. degree to
write a synopsis of the topic and submit
it to the necessary Committee or the
Research Board for approval. At this
juncture the researcher should undertake
extensive literature survey connected
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with the problem. For this purpose, the
abstracting and indexing journals and
published or unpublished bibliographies
are the first place to go to. Academic
journals, conference proceedings,
government reports, books etc., must be
tapped depending on the nature of the
problem. In this process, it should be
remembered that one source will lead to
another. The earlier studies, if any,
which are similar to the study in hand
should be carefully studied. A good
library will be a great help to the
researcher at this stage. [5]
3. Developing a working hypothesis: A
research in any field of study do not give
proper results unless and until we
develop a working hypothesis. It is a
tentative statement or assumption
regarding the solution to the problem of
study. It is an assumption which is used
to draw the logical consequences. It is
the key point of study and hence it
should be limited and should contain
much knowledge. It is helpful for
researcher for predictions and also
maintains complete focus on the study.
It should be precise and clearly defined.
It gives an idea of the type of data to be
used and type of method or techniques
for the study. In some research activities
like exploratory or formulative,
hypothesis is not used for testing. [6]
4. Preparing the research design: The
research problem having been
formulated in clear cut terms, the
researcher will be required to prepare a
research design, i.e., he will have to
state the conceptual structure within
which research would be conducted. The
preparation of such a design facilitates
research to be as efficient as possible
yielding maximal information. In other
words, the function of research design is
to provide for the collection of relevant
evidence with minimal expenditure of
effort, time and money. But how all
these can be achieved depends mainly
on the research purpose. Research
purposes may be grouped into four
categories, viz., (i) Exploration, (ii)
Description, (iii) Diagnosis, and (iv)
Experimentation. A flexible research
design which provides opportunity for
considering many different aspects of a
problem is considered appropriate if the
purpose of the research study is that of
exploration. But when the purpose
happens to be an accurate description of
a situation or of an association between
variables, the suitable design will be one
that minimises bias and maximises the
reliability of the data collected and
analysed. There are several research
designs, such as, experimental and nonexperimental hypothesis testing.
Experimental designs can be either
informal designs (such as before-andafter without control, after-only with
control, before-and-after with control) or
formal designs (such as completely
randomized design, randomized block
design, Latin square design, simple and
complex factorial designs), out of which
the researcher must select one for his
own project. The preparation of the
research design, appropriate for a
particular research problem, involves
usually the consideration of the
following: (i) the means of obtaining the
information; (ii) the availability and
skills of the researcher and his staff (if
any); (iii) explanation of the way in
which selected means of obtaining
information will be organised and the
reasoning leading to the selection; (iv)
the time available for research; and (v)
the cost factor relating to research, i.e.,
the finance available for the purpose. [5]
5. Determining sample design: The
researcher must decide the way of
selecting a sample or what is popularly
known as the sample design. In other
words, a sample design is a definite plan
determined before any data are actually
collected for obtaining a sample from a
given population. A brief mention of the
important sample designs is as follows:
? Deliberate sampling
? Simple random sampling
Mimansha Patel et.al. Exploring Research Methodology: Review Article
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Vol.6; Issue: 3; March 2019
? Systematic sampling
? Stratified sampling
? Quota sampling
? Cluster sampling and area sampling
? Multi-stage sampling
? Sequential sampling [5]
6. Collecting the data: The method of
gathering or collecting the data is
planned in data collection design. There
are many types for collecting the data.
The two types of collecting data are
Primary data and Secondary data.
Some of the important methods for
collecting the Primary data are as follows:
Questionnaire: The method of collecting
data in vast geographical areas is done
through Questionnaire method. Hence
questionnaires are mailed to the research
areas and they are distributed among the
respondents. It is a time saving and
economical method but the main drawback
is that the answers given by the respondents
are not accurate.
Interview: The investigators prepare a set of
questions and ask them in a serial vise to the
respondents. There are different types of
interview like personal, group, mock and
telephone interview. It is fast procedure. We
can get extra information which is related to
the topic. But it is costly. Some respondents
may try to hide some answers. It saves
much time of the investigator.
Observation: This is also one type of
collecting data primarily. In this researcher
observes the day to day process of the
society or a single person. Sometimes
researcher has to involve in the process. It
discovers the human behavior of the
respondent. No doubt this method is cost
effective but the data collected is also
limited. It can?t predict the happenings of
the future.
Secondary data can be collected through
books, published articles, internet and
syndicate services. Syndicate services are
companies which collect and sell data to
various people who are in need. It is suitable
for researcher who wants to survey on large
population. The disadvantage of this method
is that the researcher will not enjoy extra
information and it is very costly.
7. Though the data can be collected in a
short span of time but the accuracy
cannot be stated. [6]
Execution of the project: After preparing a
good design for the process of research, the
researcher should move on to the next step
of execution. From this stage the researcher
starts executing the research design.
Training should be given to the surveyors
and a working manual should be given to
them. The collection of data should be
carefully handled. [6]
8. Analysis of data: Soon after the
collection of data, the researcher turns to
the process of analyzing the collected
data. The raw data will be tuned. There
are many things used for analysis like
coding, tabulation, editing and statistical
analysis. Data will be collected in the
form of questionnaires or schedules.
Hence the data collected in short forms
will be elaborated through coding.
Editing can be done at the time of
collecting or collecting the data.
Through editing the researcher removes
all the mistakes in the project. It will be
polished. Through tabulation the
researchers do the work of preparing the
tables.
9. Hypothesis-testing: After analysing the
data as stated above, the researcher is in
a position to test the hypotheses, if any,
he had formulated earlier. Do the facts
support the hypotheses or they happen to
be contrary? This is the usual question
which should be answered while testing
hypotheses. Various tests, such as Chi
square test, t-test, F-test, have been
developed by statisticians for the
purpose. The hypotheses may be tested
through the use of one or more of such
tests, depending upon the nature and
object of research inquiry. Hypothesistesting will result in either accepting the
hypothesis or in rejecting it. If the
researcher had no hypotheses to start
with, generalisations established on the
basis of data may be stated as
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