Feb 23, 2024 NURS 6501 Week 4 Module 2 Assignment: Case Study Analysis Walden Sample Essay
NURS 6501 Week 4 Module 2 Assignment: Case Study Analysis Walden Sample Essay
NURS 6501 Week 4 Module 2 Assignment: Case Study Analysis Walden Sample Essay
Module 2 Assignment: Case Study Analysis
The burden of cardiovascular and cardiopulmonary diseases continues to increase at a worrying trend in the U.S. Most of the diseases are attributed to lifestyle changes; though, genetic factors could also be predisposing factors (Moonesinghe et al., 2019). The current case involves a 65-year-old who is 8 days post op after knee replacement. The patient presents with shortness of breath, palpitations and pleuritic chest pain. An ECG was done on the patient and it indicated an onset of atrial fibrillation and right ventricular strain. The purpose of this paper will be to explain various aspects of the case study including the cardiovascular and cardiopulmonary pathophysiological processes, racial variables as well as the interactions of the said processes.
Click here to ORDER NOW FOR AN ORIGINAL PAPER ASSIGNMENT on NURS 6501 Week 4 Module 2 Assignment: Case Study Analysis Walden Sample Essay
Pathophysiology
Cardiovascular and cardiopulmonary diseases are characterized by insufficiency in the blood supply to all parts of the body. In this case, the patient presented with shortness of breath and pleuritic chest pain on palpitation which could be attributed to a lack of enough oxygen supply in the lungs (Lefevre-Scelles et al., 2020). An embolism refers to the blockage in one of the arteries due to a blood clot of accumulation of fats (Kaptein et al., 2021). The condition results in inflammation in the pleural membrane that causes sharp and intense pain. The shortness of breath is due to a lack of enough oxygen in the body (Ishaaya & Tapson, 2020).
Genetic factors influence the risk of cardiovascular and cardiopulmonary diseases. The burden of the disease is high among African Americans due to variants in the ARMC5 gene (Zilbermint et al., 2018). The rs116201073 variant is common among blacks and contributes to their increased risk for cardiovascular disease (Zilbermint et al., 2019).
Struggling to Meet Your Deadline?
Get your assignment on NURS 6501 Week 4 Module 2 Assignment: Case Study Analysis Walden Sample Essay done on time by medical experts. Don’t wait – ORDER NOW!
Meet my deadline
The race of the patient is not indicated; however, immobility and old age could have contributed to the development of the symptoms. The atrial fibrillation in the ECG report indicates a failure in the heart muscles due to the strain caused by an embolism (Ahmed & Zhu, 2020).
Conclusion
The case involves patients with symptoms of pulmonary embolism. The heart strains because of the increased demand for oxygen supply. The pain experienced by the patient result from both inflammation and lack of oxygen.
References
Ahmed, N., & Zhu, Y. (2020). Early detection of atrial fibrillation based on ECG signals. Bioengineering, 7(1), 16. https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering7010016
Ishaaya, E., & Tapson, V. F. (2020). Advances in the diagnosis of acute pulmonary embolism. F1000Research, 9, 44. https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.21347.1
Kaptein, F., Kroft, L., Hammerschlag, G., Ninaber, M., Bauer, M., Huisman, M., & Klok, F. (2021). Pulmonary infarction in acute pulmonary embolism. Thrombosis Research, 202, 162-169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.thromres.2021.03.022
Lefevre-Scelles, A., Jeanmaire, P., Freund, Y., Joly, L., Phillipon, A., & Roussel, M. (2020). Investigation of pulmonary embolism in patients with chest pain in the emergency department: A retrospective multicenter study. European Journal of Emergency Medicine, 27(5), 357-361. https://doi.org/10.1097/mej.0000000000000680
Moonesinghe, R., Yang, Q., Zhang, Z., & Khoury, M. J. (2019). Prevalence and cardiovascular health impact of family history of premature heart disease in the United States: Analysis of the national health and nutrition examination survey, 2007–2014. Journal of the American Heart Association, 8(14). https://doi.org/10.1161/jaha.119.012364
Zilbermint, M., Gaye, A., Berthon, A., Hannah-Shmouni, F., Faucz, F., Minority, H. N., Davis, A., Gibbons, G., Lodish, M., & Stratakis, C. (2018). ARMC5 variants and risk of hypertension in African Americans: Minority Health-GRID study. Endocrine Abstracts. https://doi.org/10.1530/endoabs.56.oc10.3
Zilbermint, M., Gaye, A., Berthon, A., Hannah‐Shmouni, F., Faucz, F. R., Lodish, M. B., Davis, A. R., Gibbons, G. H., & Stratakis, C. A. (2019). ARMC5 variants and risk of hypertension in blacks: MH‐GRID study. Journal of the American Heart Association, 8(14). https://doi.org/10.1161/jaha.119.012508
The assigned case study demonstrates a middle age female patient with chief complaints of dyspnea, fever, and cough with thick green sputum production for 3 days. The patient also has a history of COPD and chronic cough, which has gotten worse over the past few days affecting her sleep. Upon examination, it was noted that the patient’s diaphragm had flattened, AP diameter increased, hyper resonance on auscultation with rhonchi, and coarse rales throughout all lung fields. The purpose of this discussion is to provide an analysis of the patient described above and the cardiovascular and cardiopulmonary pathophysiologic processes that contributed to the patient’s symptoms.
Pathophysiologic Processes
The patient presents with a history of COPD and chronic cough with thick green sputum. The current symptoms of dyspnea, cough, and fever indicate exacerbation of COPD with complications of a respiratory infection (Hikichi et al., 2018). The patient’s shortness of breath resulted from the obstructed airways secondary to inflammation, sputum hypersecretion, and airway remodeling. Reduced elastic recoil of the lung caused by emphysema and airway obstruction leads to dynamic hyperinflation and incomplete air expelling (Santus et al., 2019). Accumulation of the mucus leads to coughing by the patient as an attempt to try and clear the airways. The increased production of thick green sputum and fever are signs of bacterial infection in COPD exacerbation.
Racial/Ethnic Variables
There is limited evidence on the racial/ethnic variables in the characteristics and progress of COPD. Non-Hispanic whites have however been reported to have the highest burden associated with symptoms of chronic bronchitis and cardiovascular diseases as comorbidities of COPD (Park et al., 2021). African Americans on the other hand, have reported the highest incidences of dyspnea due to lifestyle habits like smoking and reduced exercise capacity (Lee et al., 2018). Korean patients on the other hand were more likely to be underweight as compared to other ethnic groups, hence reduced COPD symptoms and complications (D’Cruz et al., 2020). Generally, the ethnic variables in COPD are due to sociodemographic differences in lifestyle habits, education, and cultural beliefs among other factors.
How Process interact to Affect the Patient
As discussed above, the pathophysiology of COPD involves the interaction of both cardiovascular and cardiopulmonary processes. Impairments in the cardiopulmonary functioning leading to COPD are associated with several risk factors including smoking, exposure to chemicals, race, age, and history of asthma (Hikichi et al., 2018). Such risk factors contribute to pathologic changes in the small (peripheral) bronchioles, large (central) airways, and lung parenchyma. Structural changes of the airways include ciliary abnormalities, focal squamous metaplasia, atrophy, inflammation, airway smooth muscle hyperplasia, and bronchial wall thickening leading to chronic bronchitis (Santus et al., 2019). Permanent enlargement of the airspaces from the distal to the terminal bronchioles also leads to a significant decline in the surface area of the alveoli available for gas exchange causing emphysema. The above mechanisms contribute to the patient’s symptoms such as shortness of breath, chronic cough, increased sputum production, and fever.
Conclusion
The middle-aged patient in the provided case study presents with symptoms indicating COPD exacerbation. Several cardiopulmonary processes contribute to the development of the patient’s condition such as the small (peripheral) bronchioles, large (central) airways, and the lung parenchyma. However, with a comprehensive understanding of the pathophysiology of the patient’s condition, it will be easier for the clinician to develop the most effective treatment plan.
References
D’Cruz, R. F., Murphy, P. B., & Kaltsakas, G. (2020). Sleep-disordered breathing and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a narrative review on classification, pathophysiology and clinical outcomes. Journal of Thoracic Disease, 12(S2), S202–S216. https://doi.org/10.21037/jtd-cus-2020-006
Hikichi, M., Hashimoto, S., & Gon, Y. (2018). Asthma and COPD overlap the pathophysiology of ACO. Allergology International, 67(2), 179–186. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.alit.2018.01.001
Lee, H., Shin, S. H., Gu, S., Zhao, D., Kang, D., Joi, Y. R., Suh, G. Y., Pastor-Barriuso, R., Guallar, E., Cho, J., & Park, H. Y. (2018). Racial differences in comorbidity profile among patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. BMC Medicine, 16(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-018-1159-7
Park, H. Y., Lee, H., Kang, D., Choi, H. S., Ryu, Y. H., Jung, K.-S., Sin, D. D., Cho, J., & Yoo, K. H. (2021). Understanding racial differences of COPD patients with an ecological model: two large cohort studies in the US and Korea. Therapeutic Advances in Chronic Disease, 12, 204062232098245. https://doi.org/10.1177/2040622320982455
Santus, P., Pecchiari, M., Tursi, F., Valenti, V., Saad, M., & Radovanovic, D. (2019). The Airways’ Mechanical Stress in Lung Disease: Implications for COPD Pathophysiology and Treatment Evaluation. Canadian Respiratory Journal. https://www.hindawi.com/journals/crj/2019/3546056/
The case study depicts a 42-year-old male who comes to the ED with a two-day history of pain during urination, low back pain, inability to fully empty the bladder, severe perineal pain, fever, and chills. The pain worsens when he stands up and is relieved to some degree by lying down. He has a fever, tachycardia, and tachypnea. The patient has an enlarged, tender, and swollen prostate that is warm to touch on DRE. The purpose of this paper is to discuss Prostatitis as it relates to this patient.
Why Prostatitis and Infection Happens
Prostatitis is an infection of the prostate characterized by painful inflammation of the prostate. Acute bacterial Prostatitis occurs when pathogens enter the prostate gland through the urethra via the prostatic ducts or intraprostatic reflux of urine. Pathogens may also get to the prostate through direct inoculation, for instance, by prostate biopsy or transurethral procedures like cystoscopy and catheterization (Zhang et al., 2020). Prostatitis is mostly caused by Escherichia coli. Other causative organisms include Pseudomonas, Klebsiella, Proteus, and Enterococcus species (Karami et al., 2022). Patients with a lower urinary tract infection (UTI) have a higher risk since pathogens travel from the lower genital tract through the urethra to the prostate, causing inflammation.
The patient has symptoms characteristic of lower UTI, like dysuria, inability to fully empty the bladder, fever, chills, and tachycardia. The pathogens likely traveled to the prostate through the urethra. This caused prostate inflammation, evidenced by DRE findings of an enlarged, tender, and swollen prostate that is warm to touch. Prostatic tenderness indicates bacterial infection (Kanani et al., 2021). The patient presents with clinical manifestations of Acute Bacterial Prostatitis like perineal pain, low back pain, and urinary retention with an inability to void
Tissue invasion occurs in bacterial Prostatitis, which presents with systemic symptoms like fever, chills, malaise, and muscle pain. Furthermore, a generalized sepsis syndrome may occur, presenting with tachypnea, tachycardia, and sometimes hypotension (Kanani et al., 2021). The patient has systemic symptoms like tachypnea, tachycardia, fever, and chills.
Conclusion
Bacterial Prostatitis occurs when pathogens migrate from the lower urinary tract to the prostate through the urethra. The pathogens can also be inoculated during treatment or catheterization. This causes inflammation of the prostate, causing enlargement, tenderness, and swelling. Acute bacterial Prostatitis often causes systemic symptoms of fever, chills, malaise, tachycardia, and tachypnea.
References
Kanani, S., Mujtaba, N., & Sadler, P. (2021). Acute and chronic prostatitis. InnovAiT, 14(1), 33-37. https://doi.org/10.1177/1755738020966359
Karami, A. A., Javadi, A., Salehi, S., Nasirian, N., Maali, A., Bakhshalizadeh Shadkam, M., Najari, M., Rousta, Z., & Alizadeh, S. A. (2022). Detection of bacterial agents causing prostate infection by culture and molecular methods from biopsy specimens. Iranian journal of microbiology, 14(2), 161–167. https://doi.org/10.18502/ijm.v14i2.9182
Zhang, J., Liang, C., Shang, X., & Li, H. (2020). Chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome: a disease or symptom? Current perspectives on diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis. American Journal of Men’s Health, 14(1), 1557988320903200. https://doi.org/10.1177/1557988320903
Order a similar assignment, and have writers from our team of experts write it for you, guaranteeing you an A
