Feb 23, 2024 NURS 6512 Assessment of Head, Neck, Eyes, Ears, Nose, and Throat
NURS 6512 Assessment of Head, Neck, Eyes, Ears, Nose, and Throat
NURS 6512 Assessment of Head, Neck, Eyes, Ears, Nose, and Throat
CC: “Fever and ear pain”
HPI: The patient is a 3 year old girl who developed fever and ear pain that started 3 days ago. She has no significant medical history. The pain seems to be severe. The patient is not pleased to be at the practioner’s office since she has been crying constantly. Her mother states that shed developed a cold 3 days ago with sniffles. As she continues to cough she produces a yellowish nasal discharge.
Medications: paracetamol 500mls syrup, amoxicillin 5mls syrup, ibuprofen 5mls twice daily
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PMH: Has received all immunizations expected for children such as the BCG, oral polio, and pentavalent vaccines and measles vaccine.
Has not been previously hospitalized are undergone any surgical procedures
Has achieved all childhood milestones expected at that age.
Has not been transfused or transfused any blood
FH: Mother has been diagnosed with diabetes; Father is a hypertensive patient. No history of tuberculosis and mental illness in the family. The patient is the only child in that family.
SH: The patient has not been exposed to second hand smoking and the parents have never experimented with illicit drugs
Allergies: The patient has no known food or drug allergies
Immunizations: The patient is fully immunized according to EPI guidelines. Has received all immunizations expected for children such as the BCG, oral polio, and pentavalent vaccines and measles vaccine.
ROS- body systems that would help with the diagnosis include the constitutional, HEENT and respiratory.
General-Positive for fevers and no chills.
HEENT- presence of ear pain, no abnormalities on the head, positive for cough, yellowish discharge noted in the nose. The eyes are clear and vision is normal.
Respiratory- positive for cough, no wheezing or stridor, lung sounds are clear
Cardiovascular- Heart beat regular, no presence of murmurs and no cyanosis reported.
Gastrointestinal- No distention noted; bowel sounds normal in all areas. No splenomegaly nor masses. No tenderness.
Pulmonary-Lungs are clear.
O.VS: BP 124/80; P -98; R 20; T 37.2 degrees Celsius;
The physical exam should be conducted should prioritize the constitution, HEENT and respiratory systems. These is due to the condition probably being an ear infection hence these areas should be considered to provide the more likely diagnosis. Ear infections could come from upper respiratory infections hence the respiratory system is considered. The clinical manifestations the patient also present are majorly occurring on the forenamed systems.
Constitutional- positive for fever and irritability.
HEENT- positive for ear pain, yellowish nasal discharge noted, positive for ear pain.
Respiratory- positive for cough.
Diagnostics
The likely condition of the child is an ear infection hence diagnostics done should aim to prove which one or rule out. Therefore an otoscopy should be done to examine the tympanic membrane. Tympanocentesis should also be done to determine middle ear fluid. Culture should also be done for the nasal discharge and also if there’s fluid in the middle ear. The height and weight of the child should also be obtained for medication prescription purposes.
Otoscopy.
Tympanocentesis.
Culture.
Height and weight (Hinkle & Cheever, 2014).
A.
Differential Diagnosis:
1) Acute otitis media -the clinical manifestations associated with this condition include ear pain, fever and a cough. It is known to also present with symptoms of respiratory infections hence the nasal discharge. Patients are also known to be irritable (McCance & Huether, 2019).
2) COVID- 19- due to the recent viral infection characteristics it could be a likely diagnosis. The
NURS 6512 Assessment of Head, Neck, Eyes, Ears, Nose, and Throat
symptoms associated with this condition vary and have included fever, cold, irritability and presence of nasal discharge. The virus affects upper respiratory systems hence causing a wide range of symptoms (McCance & Huether, 2019).
3) Acute mastoiditis- this is due to inflammation of the air cells that could bring about clinical manifestations such as fever and ear pain. As the patient is presenting symptoms associated with ear infection this could be a likely diagnosis (McCance & Huether, 2019).
4) Herpes zoster infection is another likely diagnosis as due to the viral infection a patient presents with clinical manifestations such as irritability, fever and pain in various areas. Since the patient is a child it is a condition that is common in children hence it could be what is affecting her (McCance & Huether, 2019).
5) Acute otitis externa is another possible differential as due to inflammation of the external ear canal a patient could present with the symptoms such as ear pain irritability and a fever. Hence it is possible the patient could be suffering from this (McCance & Huether, 2019).
Primary Diagnosis/Presumptive Diagnosis: Acute Otitis Media
References
McCance, K. L., Huether, S. E., BRASHERS, V. L., & ROTE, N. S. (2019). Pathophysiology: The biologic basic for diseases in adults and children (No. ed. 8). Elsevier.
Hinkle, J. L., & Cheever, K. H. (2014). Brunner & Suddarth’s textbook of medical-surgical nursing (Edition 13.). Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
Focused SOAP Note for a patient with chest pain
S.
CC: “nasal congestion and rhinitis * 5 days”
HPI: The patient is a 50-year old person who presented to the clinic suffering from rhinorrhoea, nasal congestion, postnasal drainage as well as sneezing. The patient has struggled with the itchy palate, nose, as well as eyes for a period of 5 days. Moreover, he suffers from a pale, boggy nasal mucosa alongside enlarged turbinate as well as clear thin secretions. The tonsils are not enlarged; though, he has mild erythematous in his throat.
Medications: Mucinex
PMH: No significant medical history. The patient denies having been admitted or undergoing surgical intervention in the last 2 years. He is up to date on his immunization.
FH: Both of the patient’s parents are alive. The patient is married and they have two children aged 14 and 12. He has two siblings who are aged 42 and 46 years. They are all healthy, except the mother who presents with breast cancer.
SH: The patient denies smoking. He indicates that he quit smoking in 2006. On the other hand, he occasionally drinks alcohol. The patient engages actively in religious activities. The patient understands the importance the eating healthy and engaging in regular physical exercise.
Allergies: NKDA, indicates seasonal allergic reactions.
Immunizations: n/a
ROS
The general-The patient is well-groomed and oriented. He denies fever or fatigue. He is AAOX 4.
HEENT: The patient denies headache, but the eyes are itchy and red. There are no changes in the visual acuity. The tympanic membranes are intact with no hearing changes. The patient has nasal congestion and itchy nasal mucosal. The nasal turbinate is also enlarged.
Cardiovascular–Negative chest pain, no palpitations.
Gastrointestinal– No nausea, non-distended abdomen.
Pulmonary– negative for dyspnea or hemoptysis.
O.
VS: BP 121/82; P 67; R 20; T 97.8; 02 96% Wt 191lbs; Ht 70”
General-The patient denies weakness or fatigue. He is well-groomed and nourished.
Cardiovascular- No chest pain or cyanosis noted in the patient.
HEENT: Eyes are itchy and red. The tympanic membranes are intact with no discharge. No tonsillitis or purulent discharge was produced. The throat is moderately erythematous. Enlarges nasal turbinate with clear thin secretions.
Gastrointestinal-The abdomen is symmetrical and non-distended.
Pulmonary– Lungs are clear to auscultation, no chest pain or murmuring sound produced.
Diagnostic results: Skin test positive for allergy, Allergen-specific IgE antibody test not done.
A.
Differential Diagnosis:
Allergic rhinitis: The condition is characterized by sneezing and nasal congestion. The condition result from inhalation of allergens. Most of the symptoms indicated by the patient are consistent with the allergic rhinitis and this could be the most possible diagnosis (Hoyte & Nelson, 2018).
Sinusitis: The condition is characterized by the inflammation of the sinuses due to bacterial or viral infection. The common symptoms of the disease include nasal congestion, itchiness, and reddening. Also, the patient may have facial pain and pressure (Almutairi et al., 2018).
Common cold: Common cold is caused influenza virus. The virus is limited to the sinuses and is mainly spread through contact. The symptoms include nasal congestion, fever and headache (Singh et al., 2017). The patient denied fever and headache in this case.
Administer nasal corticosteroids with oral antihistamine (Urrutia Pereira, 2018).
Emily, age 15, is brought to your clinic complaining of chills, aches, and a sore throat. Without any testing, consider all of the possible diagnoses. It could be a cold, the flu, bronchitis, or even something more serious, such as meningitis or mononucleosis. Assessing the actual cause will involve much more than simple visual inspection. Some conditions are so subtle that they require the use of special instruments and tests in addition to a trained eye and ear.
This week, you will explore how to assess the head, neck, eyes, ears, nose, and throat. Whether dealing with a detached retina, sinusitis, meningitis, or even cough, advanced practice nurses need to know the proper assessment techniques in order to form accurate diagnoses.
Learning Objectives
Students will:
Apply assessment skills to diagnose eye, ear, and throat conditions
Apply concepts, theories, and principles relating to health assessment techniques and diagnoses for the head, neck, eyes, ears, nose, and throat
Learning Resources
Required Readings (click to expand/reduce)
Ball, J. W., Dains, J. E., Flynn, J. A., Solomon, B. S., & Stewart, R. W. (2019). Seidel’s guide to physical examination: An interprofessional approach (9th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Elsevier Mosby.
Chapter 11, “Head and Neck”This chapter reviews the anatomy and physiology of the head and neck. The authors also describe the procedures for conducting a physical examination of the head and neck.
Chapter 12, “Eyes”In this chapter, the authors describe the anatomy and function of the eyes. In addition, the authors explain the steps involved in conducting a physical examination of the eyes.
Chapter 13, “Ears, Nose, and Throat”The authors of this chapter detail the proper procedures for conducting a physical exam of the ears, nose, and throat. The chapter also provides pictures and descriptions of common abnormalities in the ears, nose, and throat.
Dains, J. E., Baumann, L. C., & Scheibel, P. (2019). Advanced health assessment and clinical diagnosis in primary care (6th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Elsevier Mosby.
Credit Line: Advanced Health Assessment and Clinical Diagnosis in Primary Care, 6th Edition by Dains, J.E., Baumann, L. C., & Scheibel, P. Copyright 2019 by Mosby. Reprinted by permission of Mosby via the Copyright Clearance Center.
Chapter 15, “Earache”
This chapter covers the main questions that need to be asked about the patient’s condition prior to the physical examination as well as how these questions lead to a focused physical examination.
Chapter 21, “Hoarseness”
This chapter focuses on the most common causes of hoarseness. It provides strategies for evaluating the patient, both through questions and through physical exams.
Chapter 25, “Nasal Symptoms and Sinus Congestion”
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In this chapter, the authors highlight the key questions to ask about the patients symptoms, the key parts of the physical examination, and potential laboratory work that might be needed to provide an accurate diagnosis of nasal and sinus conditions.
Chapter 30, “Red Eye”
The focus of this chapter is on how to determine the cause of red eyes in a patient, including key symptoms to consider and possible diagnoses.
Chapter 32, “Sore Throat”
A sore throat is one most common concerns patients describe. This chapter includes questions to ask when taking the patient’s history, things to look for while conducting the physical exam, and possible causes for the sore throat.
Chapter 38, “Vision Loss”
This chapter highlights the causes of vision loss and how the causes of the condition can be diagnosed.
Note: Download the six documents (Student Checklists and Key Points) below, and use them as you practice conducting assessments of the head, neck, eyes, ears, nose, and throat.
Ball, J. W., Dains, J. E., Flynn, J. A., Solomon, B. S., & Stewart, R. W. (2019). Head and neck: Student checklist. In Seidel’s guide to physical examination: An interprofessional approach (9th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Elsevier Mosby.
Credit Line: Seidel’s Guide to Physical Examination, 9th Edition by Ball, J. W., Dains, J. E., Flynn, J. A., Solomon, B. S., & Stewart, R. W. Copyright 2019 by Elsevier Health Sciences. Reprinted by permission of Elsevier Health Sciences via the Copyright Clearance Center.
Ball, J. W., Dains, J. E., Flynn, J. A., & Solomon, B. S., & Stewart, R. W. (2019). Head and neck: Key points. In Seidel’s guide to physical examination: An interprofessional approach (9th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Elsevier Mosby.
Credit Line: Seidel’s Guide to Physical Examination, 9th Edition by Ball, J. W., Dains, J. E., Flynn, J. A., Solomon, B. S., & Stewart, R. W. Copyright 2019 by Elsevier Health Sciences. Reprinted by permission of Elsevier Health Sciences via the Copyright Clearance Center.
Ball, J. W., Dains, J. E., Flynn, J. A., Solomon, B. S., & Stewart, R. W. (2019). Eyes: Student checklist. In Seidel’s guide to physical examination: An interprofessional approach (9th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Elsevier Mosby.
Credit Line: Seidel’s Guide to Physical Examination, 9th Edition by Ball, J. W., Dains, J. E., Flynn, J. A., Solomon, B. S., & Stewart, R. W. Copyright 2019 by Elsevier Health Sciences. Reprinted by permission of Elsevier Health Sciences via the Copyright Clearance Center.
Ball, J. W., Dains, J. E., Flynn, J. A., Solomon, B. S., & Stewart, R. W. (2019). Eyes: Key points. In Seidel’s guide to physical examination: An interprofessional approach (9th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Elsevier Mosby.
Credit Line: Seidel’s Guide to Physical Examination, 9th Edition by Ball, J. W., Dains, J. E., Flynn, J. A., Solomon, B. S., & Stewart, R. W. Copyright 2019 by Elsevier Health Sciences. Reprinted by permission of Elsevier Health Sciences via the Copyright Clearance Center.
Ball, J. W., Dains, J. E., Flynn, J. A., Solomon, B. S., & Stewart, R. W. (2019). Ears, nose, and throat: Student checklist. In Seidel’s guide to physical examination: An interprofessional approach (9th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Elsevier Mosby.
Credit Line: Seidel’s Guide to Physical Examination, 9th Edition by Ball, J. W., Dains, J. E., Flynn, J. A., Solomon, B. S., & Stewart, R. W. Copyright 2019 by Elsevier Health Sciences. Reprinted by permission of Elsevier Health Sciences via the Copyright Clearance Center.
Ball, J. W., Dains, J. E., Flynn, J. A., Solomon, B. S., & Stewart, R. W. (2019). Ears, nose, and throat: Key points. In Seidel’s guide to physical examination: An interprofessional approach (9th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Elsevier Mosby.
Credit Line: Seidel’s Guide to Physical Examination, 9th Edition by Ball, J. W., Dains, J. E., Flynn, J. A., Solomon, B. S., & Stewart, R. W. Copyright 2019 by Elsevier Health Sciences. Reprinted by permission of Elsevier Health Sciences via the Copyright Clearance Center.
Colyar, M. R. (2015). Advanced practice nursing procedures. Philadelphia, PA: F. A. Davis.
Credit Line: Advanced practice nursing procedures, 1st Edition by Colyar, M. R. Copyright 2015 by F. A. Davis Company. Reprinted by permission of F. A. Davis Company via the Copyright Clearance Center.
Chapter 71, “Visual Function Evaluation: Snellen, Illiterate E, PictorialThis section explains the procedural knowledge needed to perform eyes, ears, nose, and mouth procedures.
Sullivan, D. D. (2019). Guide to clinical documentation (3rd ed.). Philadelphia, PA: F. A. Davis.
Chapter 2, “The Comprehensive History and Physical Exam” (Previously read in Weeks 1, 3, 4, and 5)
Bedell, H. E., & Stevenson, S. B. (2013). Eye movement testing in clinical examination. Vision Research 90, 32–37. doi:10.1016/j.visres.2013.02.001. Retrieved from https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0042698913000217
Rubin, G. S. (2013). Measuring reading performance. Vision Research, 90, 43–51. doi:10.1016/j.visres.2013.02.015. Retrieved from http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0042698913000436
Harmes, K. M., Blackwood, R. A., Burrows, H. L., Cooke, J. M., Harrison, R. V., & Passamani, P. P. (2013). Otitis media: Diagnosis and treatment. American Family Physicians, 88(7), 435–440.
Otolaryngology Houston. (2014). Imaging of maxillary sinusitis (X-ray, CT, and MRI). Retrieved from http://www.ghorayeb.com/ImagingMaxillarySinusitis.html
This website provides medical images of sinusitis, including X-rays, CT scans, and MRIs (magnetic resonance imaging).
Document: Episodic/Focused SOAP Note Exemplar (Word document)
Document: Episodic/Focused SOAP Note Template (Word document)
Document: Midterm Exam Review (Word document)
Shadow Health Support and Orientation Resources
Frey, C. [Chris Frey]. (2015, September 4). Student orientation [Video file]. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Rfd_8pTJBkY
Shadow Health. (n.d.). Shadow Health help desk. Retrieved from https://support.shadowhealth.com/hc/en-us
Document: Shadow Health. (2014). Useful tips and tricks (Version 2) (PDF)
Document: DCE (Shadow Health) Documentation Template for Focused Exam: Cough (Word document)
Use this template to complete your Assignment 2 for this week.
Optional Resource
Use the following resources to guide you through your Shadow Health orientation as well as other support resources:
LeBlond, R. F., Brown, D. D., & DeGowin, R. L. (2014). DeGowin’s diagnostic examination (10th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw Hill Medical.
Chapter 7, “The Head and Neck” (pp. 178–301)
This chapter describes head and neck examinations that can be made with general clinical resources. Also, the authors detail syndromes of common head and neck conditions.
Required Media (click to expand/reduce)
Assessment of the Head, Neck, Eyes, Ears, Nose, and Throat – Week 5 (29m)
Online media for Seidel’s Guide to Physical Examination
It is highly recommended that you access and view the resources included with the course text, Seidel’s Guide to Physical Examination. Focus on the videos and animations in Chapters 10, 11, and 12 that relate to the assessment of the head, neck, eyes, ears, nose, and throat. Refer to the Week 4 Learning Resources area for access instructions on https://evolve.elsevier.com/.
University of Iowa Ophthalmology. (2016, December 19). Fluorescein staining of the cornea. Retrieved from https://vimeo.com/198695974
Credit Line: University of Iowa Ophthalmology. (n.d.). Fluorescein staining of the cornea [Video file]. Retrieved from https://vimeo.com/198695974. The author(s) and publishers acknowledge the University of Iowa and EyeRounds.org for permission to reproduce this copyri
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