Feb 23, 2024 Discussion: Nursing and Health Policy in Other Nations NURS 8100
A Sample Answer For the Assignment: Discussion: Nursing and Health Policy in Other Nations NURS 8100
Discussion: Nursing and Health Policy in Other Nations NURS 8100
In this week’s learning resources we reviewed how healthcare is provided in various countries impacting the international continuum of care. This international continuum of care has been a topic of interest for centuries, but really pick up momentum as individuals gained access to convenient and fast international travel. Bodenheimer & Grumback (2020) shared that there is no universal design for healthcare delivery.
This discrepancy can be a barrier and opportunity for each country to tailor the delivery system to what their population of citizens. For example, social determinants of health are addressed differently in each country. Additionally, various nursing organizations are also focused on the international continuum of care. The International Council of Nursing (n.d.) is focused on several international nursing policies like socio-economic welfare. This is a demonstration of the role of an international organization in developing policy.
I am currently working in collaboration with a university in Rwanda creating curriculum content for a Nursing Leadership and Midwifery graduate level program. I am also an international nursing mentor and am working with students in Rwanda and Kenya on implementing quality improvement projects. The country that I am comparing to the U.S. is Rwanda.
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A policy that Rwanda’s Ministry of Health (n.d.) is working on is related to how social determinants of health are addressed. Rwanda is currently rebounding from civil war in the mid 1990’s. In the past several decades they have made significant improvements in address it’s citizens social determinants of health.
Discussion: Nursing and Health Policy in Other Nations NURS 8100
However, the country has an opportunity to optimize this effort due to persistent extreme poverty, overexploited land, and effects of climate change on housing and healthcare (Government of the Republic of Rwanda Ministry of Health, n.d.). The country’s nursing population is also largely midwives due to lack of providers in the country. Bazirete et. al. (2020) shared how social determinants of health impact maternal mortality and morbidity in rural Rwanda.
Social determinants of health is also a policy that is address in the U.S. The American Academy of Nursing has a policy from 2019 which prioritizes a focus on social determinants of health for nursing (Kuehnertet. al., 2022). We’ve incorporated social determinants of health into screening tools and electronic health records to provide targeted population health to support our existing healthcare system and reduce the burden on resources.
Bedside nursing is incorporating social determinants of health into clinical practice by allowing the information to impact clinical decision making for improved health outcomes (Phillips et. al., 2020).
From the comparison between how Rwanda and the U.S. are creating policy around social determinants of health I’ve gained an understanding of how different the social needs of each country can be. Additionally, I’ve gained an understanding that it’s challenging to compare a third world and first world healthcare system. Each country is working with vastly different healthcare resources, infrastructure, and population health needs.
References
Bazirete, O., Nzayirambaho, M., Umubyeyi, A., Uwimana, M. C., & Evans, M. (2020). Influencing factors for prevention of postpartum hemorrhage and early detection of childbearing women at risk in Northern Province of Rwanda: beneficiary and health worker perspectives. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 20(1), 678. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-020-03389-7
Bodenheimer, T., & Grumbach, K. (2020). Understanding health policy: A clinical approach (8th ed.). McGraw-Hill.
Government of the Republic of Rwanda Ministry of Health. (n.d.). Policies. https://www.moh.gov.rw/publications/policies
International Council of Nurses. (n.d.). https://www.icn.ch/nursing-policy
Kuehnert, P., Fawcett, J., DePriest, K. N., Chinn, P., Cousin, L., Ervin, N., Flanagan, J., Fry- Bowers, E., Killion, C., Maliski, S., Manughan, E., Meade, C., Murray, T., Schenk, B., & Waite, R. (2022). Defining the social determinants of health for nursing action to achieve health equity: A consensus paper from the American Academy of Nursing. Nursing Outlook, 70(1), 10-27. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.outlook.2021.08.003
Phillips, J., Richard, A., Mayer, K. M., Shilkaitis, M., Fogg, L. F., & Vondracek, H. (2020). Integrating the social determinants of health into nursing practice: Nurses’ perspectives. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 52(5), 497–505. https://doi.org/10.1111/jnu.12584
Thanks for the insightful discussion. From your analysis, I have learned that there are similarities and differences between COVID-19 vaccination policies both in Kenya and the United States (Murthy et al., 2022). There are some general observations can be made in this scenario. Firstly, it is important to note that the rollout of vaccines in both Kenya and the United States has been slower than initial hopes and expectations. In part, this reflects challenges in both countries in terms of infrastructure and resources (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2022).
That said, there have been some significant differences between the two countries in terms of their vaccine policies. In Kenya, for example, only health care workers have been vaccinated so far, while in the United States vaccinations have been open to a wider range of people including essential workers and those over 65 years of age (Matrajt et al., 2021). The policy in United States may not be achieved not because of lack of the vaccine but due to personal choices or other reasons. In Kenya, however the government has the money to purchase the vaccines which are not readily available.
References
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2022). Immunization schedules https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/schedules/hcp/imz/adult.html
Matrajt, L., Brown, E. R., Dimitrov, D., & Janes, H. (2021). The role of antiviral treatment in curbing the COVID-19 pandemic: a modeling study. Medrxiv. 10.1101/2021.11.10.21266139
Murthy, N., Wodi, A. P., Bernstein, H., & Ault, K. A. (2022). Recommended Adult Immunization Schedule, United States, 2022. Annals of Internal Medicine, 175(3), 432–443. https://doi.org/10.7326/M22-0036
Similar to other states, Minnesota has high prevalence of African-Americans with cardiovascular diseases. A major policy that helps reduce the burden of these diseases in the United States is the Strategic Policy Agenda 2017-20, which is supported by the American Heart Association. This policy promotes access to cardiovascular care for all. In the past, the American Heart Association has partnered with an organization to evaluate the impact of the Affordable Care Act (ACA) and Medicaid expansion on insurance coverage for health care.
The finding was that at least seven million people from the United States are at risk of or with cardiovascular disease got health insurance courtesy of the ACA. Indeed, the number of adults aged between 18 and 64 years without health insurance at risk of cardiovascular disease decreased by at least 6.2 million or 20% from 2013 to 2014 (American Heart Association, 2017). These measures resulted in improvements across ethnic and racial groups, but the biggest impact was on African-Americans.
Description and Analysis of the Policy
Under its Strategic Policy Agenda 2017-20, the AHA serves as a voice for the millions of people with cardiovascular disease who have low social economic status and who may otherwise not afford cardiovascular disease care. Through various efficacious programs and funding, the Strategic Policy manages to provide cost-effectiveness healthcare equity for the African-American population.
In its endeavor to ensure cardiovascular care for all, the American Heart Association runs several programs, the first of which is support for Medicaid Expansion. Medicaid program provides health to millions of Americans with low incomes, even though this group is at a high risk of cardiovascular disease (Serakos & Wolfe, 2016). By September 2016, thirty-one states in the U.S. had implemented Medicaid expansion.
Even though this is a great accomplishment, there are still many American adults at risk of cardiovascular disease who are yet to get health insurance in states that have not expanded the Medicaid program. In Minnesota, most young people aged between 26 and 34 years are likely to have no insurance coverage.
African Americans are the third most likely community whose people do not have health insurance (Minnesota Public Health Data Access, 2019). As many as 14.6 million Americans are still uninsured (American Heart Association, 2017). With its policy, the American Heart Association (2017) plays a role in state advocacy. This advocacy makes the policy effective in promoting equity and quality in care provision.
The American Heart Association is also engaged in the promotion of the use of pulse oximetry, a procedure that has proven efficacious in the reduction of mortality risk and diagnostic gaps associated with congenital heart defects. The procedure is carried out in many clinical settings and the majority of physicians – in 43 states – have endorsed it. It is mandatory for newborns in these states to undergo the test (Klausner, 2018); (American Heart Association (2017).
The other program that can benefit African-Americans at risk of cardiovascular disease is standards for competitive foods and meals set by the National School Lunch Program. This program reaches about 30 million kids every day in at least 98,413 schools and other institutions. Many kids get reduced-priced or free meals. Together with a breakfast program, this plays a critical role in reducing incidence of obesity (Benjamin et al., 2018).
The policy by the American Heart Association is cost-effective for various reasons. First, the organization is not for profit and is funded by private contributions, implying it does not produce a burden to the taxpayer or the federal government (Giving Matters, 2019). It implements cost-effective strategies to preventing stroke and heart diseases. The American Heart Association works with about 2,200 community organizations in every state.
It has at least 3.6 million people who offer to fight cardiovascular diseases for free, which is the top cause of death in the country (CDC, 2019). Since 1949, the organization has contributed at least $1 billion for cardiovascular research. It is engaged in informing Americans how they can reduce the risk of CVA and cardiopathy.
The American Heart Association is also seeking funding from the CDC, the National Institutes of Health, CMS, among others. The organization uses a preventative approach to reducing disparities in the provision of cardiovascular care, implying that its policy is efficacious in ensuring quality and cost-effective care.
The policy considers ethical factors because it contributes to the reduction of suffering among low-income populations. It considers political factors because public health, particularly regarding cardiovascular disease, is an important subject for America’s political sphere. It accounts for legal factors because some of the programs that it supports like the Medicaid expansion are provided for in the law.
Think for a moment about nurses who relocate because of professional opportunities.How could such a seemingly personal decision have a detrimental impact on globalhealth care? As presented in this week’s Learning Resources, nurse migration is ofglobal concern. In response to this issue, international health care organizations suchas the World Health Organization (WHO) and the International Council of Nurses (ICN)have positioned themselves to craft related policy as a solution. This is just oneexample of a global nursing policy effort.
To prepare:
With information from the Learning Resources in mind, select a U.S. nursing- or health-related policy. Search the web and locate a similar policy in another country. Consider how the two policies are similar and dissimilar. Was an international organization involved in promoting the policies? If not, should theyhave been?
By Day 3Post a cohesive response that addresses the following:
Post information on the nursing or health-related policies you located including areference to the source. Indicate the country you are comparing to the U.S. Compare and contrast the two policies. What insights did you gain as a result of thiscomparison? What is the role of international organizations in developing policy? Provide a specificexample.Read a selection of your colleagues’ postings.
By Day 6
Respond to at least two of your colleagues in one or more of the following ways: Ask a probing question, substantiated with additional background information, evidenceor research. Share an insight from having read your colleagues’ postings, synthesizing theinformation to provide new perspectives. Offer and support an alternative perspective using readings from the classroom or fromyour own research in the Walden Library. Validate an idea with your own experience and additional research. Make a suggestion based on additional evidence drawn from readings or aftersynthesizing multiple postings. Expand on your colleagues’ postings by providing additional insights or contrastingperspectives based on readings and evidence.Note: Please see the Syllabus and Discussion Rubric for formal Discussion questionposting and response evaluation criteria.Return to this Discussion in a few days to read the responses to your initial posting.Note what you learned and/or any insights you gained as a result of the commentsmade by your colleagues.
Be sure to support your work with specific citations from this week’s LearningResources and any additional sources.Submission and Grading InformationGrading CriteriaTo access your rubric:Week 10 Discussion RubricPost by Day 3 and Respond by Day 6To participate in this Discussion:Week 10 Discussion
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Learning Resources
Note: To access this week’s required library resources, please click on the link to theCourse Readings List, found in the Course Materials section of your Syllabus.Required ReadingsBodenheimer, T., & Grumbach, K. (2016). Understanding health policy: A clinicalapproach (7th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Medical. Chapter 14, “Health Care in Four Nations”This chapter compares the health care systems in Germany, Canada, UnitedKingdom, and Japan. All these nations offer universal health care; however, theyorganize and finance health care in varying ways.Asadov, D.A., & Aripov, T. Y. (2009). The quality of care in post-soviet Uzbekistan: Arehealth reforms and international efforts succeeding? Public Health, 123(11), 725–728.Note: You will access this article from the Walden Library databases.
The authors discuss why health care initiatives in developing countries, such asUzbekistan, are not succeeding, even with international involvement. They suggestinvolving regional input and consideration for better success.Baillie, L., & Gallagher, A. (2009). Evaluation of the Royal College of Nursing’s ‘Dignity:At the heart of everything we do’ campaign: Exploring challenges and enablers. Journalof Research in Nursing, 15(1), 15–28.Note: You will access this article from the Walden Library databases.
This article provides details from a study concerning the Royal College of Nursing’scampaign to promote dignity in care. The authors focus on two aspects of thestudy—“enablers” and “challenges” of providing dignity in care to patients.
Clarke, S. P., & Aiken, L. H. (2008). An international hospital outcomes researchagenda focused on nursing: Lessons from a decade of collaboration. Journal of ClinicalNursing, 17(24), 3317–3323.Note: You will access this article from the Walden Library databases.
The authors depict findings from an international nursing survey, which concludes thatnurses work experiences (positive and negative) are remarkably consistent acrosscountries, regardless of cultural differences. The authors propose that a global effort toimprove the nurses work environments will lead to improved patient care.Crigger, N. (2008). Towards a viable and just global nursing ethics. Nursing Ethics,15 (1), 17–27.Note: You will access this article from the Walden Library databases.
This article discusses global justice and the nursing profession, and proposes fivecharacteristics to guide global ethics. The author proposes that technology andbusiness can act as barriers to global justice.Eckenwiler, L. A. (2009). The WHO code of practice on the international recruitment ofhealth personnel: We have only just begun. Developing World Bioethics, 9(1).Note: You will access this article from the Walden Library databases.
The World Health Organization (WHO) has drafted a Code of Practice to encourageglobal health care policies. The author focuses on the detrimental impact of health careprofessionals migrating from source countries (usually the global South) to destinationcountries. The author suggests that WHO could be more specific in the code relating tostakeholders and shared responsibilities to promote collaboration by all parties involvedin global health care.Koch, K., Schurmann, C., & Sawicki, P. (2010). The German health care system ininternational comparison: A patient perspective. Deutsches Arzteblatt International107(24), 427–434.Note: You will access this article from the Walden Library databases.
This article provides information gleaned from a Commonwealth Fund survey oninternational health care experiences. The authors report a variation in patientexperiences and satisfaction internationally but German respondents reported lesssatisfaction than most countries. German patients tend to be seen by more than onedoctor, and perhaps the reported dissatisfaction can be traced to a lack of coordinationin care.Lartey, S., Cummings, G., & Profetto-McGrath, J. (2014). Interventions that promoteretention of experienced registered nurses in health care settings: A systematic review.Journal of Nursing Management, 22(8), 1027-1041. doi:10.1111/jonm.12105Note: You will access this article from the Walden Library databases.
The authors of this study examine the effectiveness of strategies for retainingexperienced Registered Nurses. Noting the challenges of nursing shortages on a global
scale, the authors explore those factors that could promote the retention of experiencednurses and suggest new opportunities for fulfilling a sustained nursing workforce.Tyer-Viola, L., Nicholas, P., Corless, I., Barry, D., Hoyt, P., Fitzpatrick, J., & Davis, S.(2009). Social responsibility of nursing: a global perspective. Policy, Politics & NursingPractice, 10(2), 110–118. doi: 10.1177/1527154409339528Note: You will access this article from the Walden Library databases.
This article depicts a study that examines nursing, social responsibility, and globalhealth. The authors focus on concepts such as social justice, human rights, nursemigration, and nurse education as well as strategies to address these issues.World Health Organization (WHO). (2010). Managing health workforce migration—Theglobal Code of Practice. Retrieved fromhttp://www.who.int/hrh/migration/code/practice/en/index.html
In 2010, WHO created the “Code of Practice on the International Recruitment of HealthPersonnel,” which urges a global policy on the recruitment of health care workers thatwould result in better global health care outcomes.International Council of Nurses. (2010). International Council of Nurses. Retrievedfrom http://www.icn.ch/
This website provides information from the ICN, an international federation of nursesassociations. The ICN is a global organization, operated by nurses that advocates theprofession of nursing and promotes global health care policy.Royal College of Nursing. (2011). The Royal College of Nursing. Retrievedfrom http://www.rcn.org.uk/
The RCN represents the interests of nurses in the United Kingdom and promotes healthcare policy.
Optional ResourcesEvans, C., & Ndirangu, E. (2008). The nursing implications of routine provider-initiatedHIV testing and counseling in sub-Saharan Africa: A critical review of new policyguidance from WHO/UNAIDS. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 46(5), 723–731.France, C. (2008). The form and context of federalism: Meaning for health carefinancing. Journal of Health Politics, Policy & Law, 33(4), 649–705. doi:10.1215/03616878-2008-012International Nursing Review. (2009). ICN initiative to fortify health workforce will opennew Centre in Uganda. International Nursing Review, 56(2), 151–152.Pulcini, J., Jelic, M., Gul, R., & Loke, A. Y. (2010). An international survey on advancedpractice nursing education, practice, and regulation. Journal of Nursing Scholarship,42(1), 31–39.
Discussion: Nursing and Health Policy in Other Nations
Think for a moment about nurses who relocate because of professional opportunities. How could such a seemingly personal decision have a detrimental impact on global health care? As presented in this week’s Learning Resources, nurse migration is of global concern. In response to this issue, international health care organizations such as the World Health Organization (WHO) and the International Council of Nurses (ICN) have positioned themselves to craft related policy as a solution. This is just one example of a global nursing policy effort.
To prepare:
With information from the Learning Resources in mind, select a U.S. nursing- or health-related policy.
Search the web and locate a similar policy in another country.
Consider how the two policies are similar and dissimilar.
Was an international organization involved in promoting the policies? If not, should they have been?
By Day 3
Post a cohesive response that addresses the following:
Post information on the nursing or health-related policies you located including a reference to the source.
Indicate the country you are comparing to the U.S.
Compare and contrast the two policies. What insights did you gain as a result of this comparison?
What is the role of international organizations in developing policy? Provide a specific example.
Read a selection of your colleagues’ postings.
By Day 6
Respond to at least two of your colleagues in one or more of the following ways:
Ask a probing question, substantiated with additional background information, evidence or research.
Share an insight from having read your colleagues’ postings, synthesizing the information to provide new perspectives.
Offer and support an alternative perspective using readings from the classroom or from your own research in the Walden Library.
Validate an idea with your own experience and additional research.
Make a suggestion based on additional evidence drawn from readings or after synthesizing multiple postings.
Expand on your colleagues’ postings by providing additional insights or contrasting perspectives based on readings and evidence.
Note: Please see the Syllabus and Discussion Rubric for formal Discussion question posting and response evaluation criteria.
Return to this Discussion in a few days to read the responses to your initial posting. Note what you learned and/or any insights you gained as a result of the comments made by your colleagues.
Be sure to support your work with specific citations from this week’s Learning Resources and any additional sources.
Submission and Grading Information
KOI-LUCIE
RE: Discussion – Week 10
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There is no health care without mental health care and “access to mental health services is one of the most important and most neglected civil rights issues facing the Nation” (Haffajee et al., 2019). There are two policies addressing mental health in the United States (U
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