Feb 23, 2024 NR 507 Week 2 Discussions Respiratory Disorders and Alterations in Acid/Base Balance, Fluid and Electrolytes
NR 507 Week 2 Discussions Respiratory Disorders and Alterations in Acid/Base Balance, Fluid and Electrolytes
NR 507 Week 2 Discussions Respiratory Disorders and Alterations in Acid/Base Balance, Fluid and Electrolytes
Week 2: Respiratory Disorders and Alterations in Acid/Base Balance,
What is the etiology of bronchitis?
There are two kinds of Bronchitis: Acute Bronchitis, that is caused by “Infections or lung irritants,” and Chronic Bronchitis, that is caused by “repeatedly breathing in fumes that irritate and damage lung and airway tissues” (National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, 2018). This could be like smoking or inhaling second-hand smoke. The etiology of bronchitis is the same that causes upper respiratory infections. The names of the viruses that cause bronchitis are coronavirus, rhinovirus, respiratory syncytial virus, and adenovirus. Most cases of bronchitis come from a virus instead of bacteria. Current smoking is associated with a more goblet cell hyperplasia and number, and chronic bronchitis is associated with more goblet cells, independent of the presence of airflow obstruction. This provides clinical and pathologic correlation for smokers with and without COPD (Kim et al., 2015).
Describe in detail the pathophysiological process of bronchitis.
The pathophysiological process of bronchitis is very simple. The symptoms of acute bronchitis are due to acute inflammation of the bronchial wall, which causes increased mucus production along with edema of the bronchus (National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, 2018). This leads to the productive cough that is the hallmark of a lower respiratory tract infection. While the infection may clear in several days, repair of the bronchial wall may take several weeks. During the period of repair, patients will continue to cough. Pulmonary function studies of patients with acute bronchitis demonstrate bronchial obstruction similar to that in asthma. As the symptoms of acute bronchitis subside, pulmonary function returns to normal. Most patients will cough for less than 2 weeks with the illness. If a patient coughs longer than 1 month then the term is post bronchitis syndrome (National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, 2018). The bronchial walls are trying to repair after the clearance of the infection.
Identify hallmark signs identified from the physical exam and symptoms.
The hallmark sign and symptoms are duration of cough less than 30 days, productive cough, no history of chronic respiratory illness, and fever. Production of mucus (sputum), which can be clear, white, and yellowish-gray or green in color can occur in acute bronchitis. Acute bronchitis is caused by a virus. Cough from the irritated and inflamed bronchial epithelium and increased mucus production (McCance, Huether, Brashers and Rote, 2013).
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Describe the pathophysiology of complications of bronchitis.
As with most diseases, complications can arise from bronchitis. Around one person in 20 with bronchitis may develop a secondary infection in the lungs leading to pneumonia. The infection is commonly bacterial although the initial infection that caused the bronchitis may be viral. The infection affects the tiny air sacs known as alveoli in the lungs (National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, 2018). Although a single episode of bronchitis usually isn’t cause for concern, it can lead to pneumonia in some people. Repeated bouts of bronchitis, however, may mean that you have chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, or COPD. Chronic bronchitis can lead to long term COPD with progressively diminishing lung reserves and breathing difficulties. COPD further raises the risk of occasional flare ups and increased risk of recurrent and frequent chest infections. When you breathe, air moves in your trachea through two tubes called bronchi. The bronchi branch out into smaller tubes called bronchioles. At the ends of the bronchioles are little air sacs called alveoli. And at the end of alveoli are capillaries, which are tiny blood vessels. Oxygen moves around in the lungs to the bloodstream through the capillaries. Carbon dioxide moves from the blood into the capillaries and then into the lungs and exhaled. The fibers in the walls of the lungs can become damage (Kim et al, 2015). They are not able to expand and make them less elastic when you exhale.
What teaching related to her diagnosis would you provide?
I would educate Tammy about second-hand exposure to smoke. This could make her bronchitis even worse if exposed. Tammy would most likely be prescribed an inhaler that would open up her bronchioles, helping her breath better. Most people should drink at least 8 eight-ounce cups of water a day. You may need to drink more liquids when you have acute bronchitis. Liquids help keep your air passages moist and help you cough up mucus. I would encourage Tammy to get plenty of rest to help fight the infection. Tammy could use a cool mist humidifier to decrease her cough and make it easier for her to breath (National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, 2018).
References
Kim, V., Oros, M., Durra, H., Kelsen, S., Aksoy, M., Cornwell, WD., et al. (2015) Chronic Bronchitis and Current Smoking Are Associated with More Goblet Cells in Moderate to Severe COPD and Smokers without Airflow Obstruction. PLoS ONE 10(2). Doi: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0116108
McCance, K. L., Huether, S. E., Brashers, V. L., & Rote, N. S. (2013). Pathophysiology: The biologic basis for disease in adults and children (7th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Mosby.
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. (2018). Bronchitis. National Institute of Health. Retrieved from https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health-topics/bronchitis
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Fluid and Electrolytes – Discussion Part One
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This week’s graded topics relate to the following Course Outcomes (COs).
Analyze pathophysiologic mechanisms associated with selected disease states. (PO 1)
Differentiate the epidemiology, etiology, developmental considerations, pathogenesis, and clinical and laboratory manifestations of specific disease processes. (PO 1)
Examine the way in which homeostatic, adaptive, and compensatory physiological mechanisms can be supported and/or altered through specific therapeutic interventions. (PO 1, 7)
Distinguish risk factors associated with selected disease states. (PO1)
Describe outcomes of disruptive or alterations in specific physiologic processes. (PO 1)
Distinguish risk factors associated with selected disease states. (PO1)
Explore age-specific and developmental alterations in physiologic and disease states. (PO 1, 4)
Discussion Part One (graded)
A five-month-old Caucasian female is brought into the clinic as the parent complain that she has been having ongoing foul-smelling , greasy diarrhea. She seems to be small for her age and a bit sickly but, her parent’s state that she has a huge appetite. Upon examination you find that the patient is wheezing and you observe her coughing.
Write a differential diagnosis of at least five (5) disorders and explain why each might be a possibility and any potential weaknesses of each differential.
Why is it that the later in age this disease manifest itself, the less severe the disease is?
What tests would you run to clarify your differential and potentially come to a definitive diagnosis? If the same child was African in ancestry would this change your initial differential? Why or why not?
Week 2: Respiratory Disorders and Alterations in Acid/Base Balance, Fluid and Electrolytes
NR 507 Week 2 Discussions Respiratory Disorders and Alterations in Acid/Base Balance, Fluid and Electrolytes
Discussion Part Two
This week’s graded topics relate to the following Course Outcomes (COs).
1 Analyze pathophysiologic mechanisms associated with selected disease states. (PO 1)
2 Differentiate the epidemiology, etiology, developmental considerations, pathogenesis, and clinical and laboratory manifestations of specific disease processes. (PO 1)
3 Examine the way in which homeostatic, adaptive, and compensatory physiological mechanisms can be supported and/or altered through specific therapeutic interventions. (PO 1, 7)
4 Distinguish risk factors associated with selected disease states. (PO 1)
5 Describe outcomes of disruptive or alterations in specific physiologic processes. (PO 1)
6 Distinguish risk factors associated with selected disease states. (PO 1)
7 Explore age-specific and developmental alterations in physiologic and disease states. (PO 1, 4)
Tammy is a 33-year-old who presents for evaluation of a cough. She reports that about 3 weeks ago she developed a “really bad cold” with rhinorrhea. The cold seemed to go away but then she developed a profound, deep, mucus-producing cough. Now, there is no rhinorrhea or rhinitis—the primary problem is the cough. She develops these coughing fits that are prolonged, very deep, and productive of a lot of green sputum. She hasn’t had any fever but does have a scratchy throat. Tammy has tried over-the-counter cough medicines but has not had much relief. The cough keeps her awake at night and sometimes gets so bad that she gags and dry heaves.
Write a differential of at least five (5) possible diagnosis’s and explain how each may be a possible answer to the clinical presentation above.
Remember, to list the differential in the order of most likely to less likely.
Based upon what you have at the top of the differential how would you treat this patient?
Suppose now, the patient has a fever of 100.4 and complains of foul smelling mucous and breath. Indeed, she complains of producing cups of mucous some days. She has some trouble breathing on moderate exertion but this is only a minor complaint to her. How does this change your differential and why?
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Discussion Part Three
This week’s graded topics relate to the following Course Outcomes (COs).
Analyze pathophysiologic mechanisms associated with selected disease states. (PO 1)
Differentiate the epidemiology, etiology, developmental considerations, pathogenesis, and clinical and laboratory manifestations of specific disease processes. (PO 1)
Examine the way in which homeostatic, adaptive, and compensatory physiological mechanisms can be supported and/or altered through specific therapeutic interventions. (PO 1, 7)
Distinguish risk factors associated with selected disease states.
Describe outcomes of disruptive or alterations in specific physiologic processes. (PO 1)
Distinguish risk factors associated with selected disease states. (PO
Explore age-specific and developmental alterations in physiologic and disease states. (PO 1, 4)
NR 507 Week 2 Discussions
A nursing student comes into your office because they are struggling with the concept of pulmonary function. They know you as an experienced FNP and so they are comfortable asking if you could clarify the terms residual volume (RV), functional reserve capacity (FRC), total lung capacity (TLC) inspiratory reserve volume (IRV), and expiratory reserve volume (ERV).
Give her a definition of each?
List three (3) disorders that can alter the residual volume and explain how they do so?
Important information for writing discussion questions and participation
Welcome to class
Hello class and welcome to the class and I will be your instructor for this course. This is a -week course and requires alot of time commitment, organization, and a high level of dedication. Please use the class syllabus to guide you through all the assignments required for the course. I have also attached the classroom policies to this announcement to know your expectations for this course. Please review this document carefully and ask me any questions if you do. You could email me at any time or send me a message via the “message” icon in halo if you need to contact me. I check my email regularly, so you should get a response within 24 hours. If you have not heard from me within 24 hours and need to contact me urgently, please send a follow up text to
I strongly encourage that you do not wait until the very last minute to complete your assignments. Your assignments in weeks 4 and 5 require early planning as you would need to present a teaching plan and interview a community health provider. I advise you look at the requirements for these assignments at the beginning of the course and plan accordingly. I have posted the YouTube link that explains all the class assignments in detail. It is required that you watch this 32-minute video as the assignments from week 3 through 5 require that you follow the instructions to the letter to succeed. Failure to complete these assignments according to instructions might lead to a zero. After watching the video, please schedule a one-on-one with me to discuss your topic for your project by the second week of class. Use this link to schedule a 15-minute session. Please, call me at the time of your appointment on my number. Please note that I will NOT call you.
Please, be advised I do NOT accept any assignments by email. If you are having technical issues with uploading an assignment, contact the technical department and inform me of the issue. If you have any issues that would prevent you from getting your assignments to me by the deadline, please inform me to request a possible extension. Note that working fulltime or overtime is no excuse for late assignments. There is a 5%-point deduction for every day your assignment is late. This only applies to approved extensions. Late assignments will not be accepted.
If you think you would be needing accommodations due to any reasons, please contact the appropriate department to request accommodations.
Plagiarism is highly prohibited. Please ensure you are citing your sources correctly using APA 7th edition. All assignments including discussion posts should be formatted in APA with the appropriate spacing, font, margin, and indents. Any papers not well formatted would be returned back to you, hence, I advise you review APA formatting style. I have attached a sample paper in APA format and will also post sample discussion responses in subsequent announcements.
Your initial discussion post should be a minimum of 200 words and response posts should be a minimum of 150 words. Be advised that I grade based on quality and not necessarily the number of words you post. A minimum of TWO references should be used for your initial post. For your response post, you do not need references as personal experiences would count as response posts. If you however cite anything from the literature for your response post, it is required that you cite your reference. You should include a minimum of THREE references for papers in this course. Please note that references should be no more than 5 years old except recommended as a resource for the class. Furthermore, for each discussion board question, you need ONE initial substantive response and TWO substantive responses to either your classmates or your instructor for a total of THREE responses. There are TWO discussion questions each week, hence, you need a total minimum of SIX discussion posts for each week. I usually post a discussion question each week. You could also respond to these as it would count towards your required SIX discussion posts for the week.
NR 507 Week 2 Discussions
I understand this is a lot of information to cover in 5 weeks, however, the Bible says in Philippians 4:13 that we can do all things through Christ that strengthens us. Even in times like this, we are encouraged by God’s word that we have that ability in us to succeed with His strength. I pray that each and every one of you receives strength for this course and life generally as we navigate through this pandemic that is shaking our world today. Relax and enjoy the course!
Hi Class,
Please read through the following information on writing a Discussion question response and participation posts.
Contact me if you have any questions.
Important information on Writing a Discussion Question
Your response needs to be a minimum of 150 words (not including your list of references)
There needs to be at least TWO references with ONE being a peer reviewed professional journal article.
Include in-text citations in your response
Do not include quotes—instead summarize and paraphrase the information
Follow APA-7th edition
Points will be deducted if the above is not followed
Participation –replies to your classmates or instructor
A minimum of 6 responses per week, on at least 3 days of the week.
Each response needs at least ONE reference with citations—best if it is a peer reviewed journal article
Each response needs to be at least 75 words in length (does not include your list of references)
Responses need to be substantive by bringing information to the discussion or further enhance the discussion. Responses of “I agree” or “great post” does not count for the word count.
Follow APA 7th edition
Points will be deducted if the above is not followed
Remember to use and follow APA-7th edition for all weekly assignments, discussion questions, and participation points.
Here are some helpful links
Student paper example
Citing Sources
The Writing Center is a great resource
Participation for MSN
Threaded Discussion Guiding Principles
The ideas and beliefs underpinning the threaded discussions (TDs) guide students through engaging dialogues as they achieve the desired learning outcomes/competencies associated with their course in a manner that empowers them to organize, integrate, apply and critically appraise their knowledge to their selected field of practice. The use of TDs provides students with opportunities to contribute level-appropriate knowledge and experience to the topic in a safe, caring, and fluid environment that models professional and social interaction. The TD’s ebb and flow is based upon the composition of student and faculty interaction in the quest for relevant scholarship. Participation in the TDs generates opportunities for students to actively engage in the written ideas of others by carefully reading, researching, reflecting, and responding to the contributions of their peers and course faculty. TDs foster the development of members into a community of learners as they share ideas and inquiries, consider perspectives that may be different from their own, and integrate knowledge from other disciplines.
Participation Guidelines
Each weekly threaded discussion is worth up to 25 points. Students must post a minimum of two times in each graded thread. The two posts in each individual thread must be on separate days. The student must provide an answer to each graded thread topic posted by the course instructor, by Wednesday, 11:59 p.m. MT, of each week. If the student does not provide an answer to each graded thread topic (not a response to a student peer) before the Wednesday deadline, 5 points are deducted for each discussion thread in which late entry occurs (up to a 10-point deduction for that week). Subsequent posts, including essential responses to peers, must occur by the Sunday deadline, 11:59 p.m. MT of each week.
Direct Quotes
Good writing calls for the limited use of direct quotes. Direct quotes in Threaded Discussions are to be limited to one short quotation (not to exceed 15 words). The quote must add substantively to the discussion. Points will be deducted under the Grammar, Syntax, APA category.
Grading Rubric Guidelines
Performance Category
10
9
8
4
0
Scholarliness
Demonstrates achievement of scholarly inquiry for professional and academic decisions.
Provides relevant evidence of scholarly inquiry clearly stating how the evidence informed or changed professional or academic decisions
Evaluates literature resources to develop a comprehensive analysis or synthesis.
Uses valid, relevant, and reliable outside sources to contribute to the threaded discussion
Provides relevant evidence of scholarly inquiry but does not clearly state how the evidence informed or changed professional or academic decisions.
Evaluates information from source(s) to develop a coherent analysis or synthesis.
Uses some valid, relevant, reliable outside sources to contribute to the threaded discussion.
Discusses using scholarly inquiry but does not state how scholarly inquiry informed or changed professional or academic decisions.
Information is taken from source(s) with some interpretation/evaluation, but not enough to develop a coherent analysis or synthesis.
Little valid, relevant, or reliable outside sources are used to contribute to the threaded discussion.
Demonstrates little or no understanding of the topic.
Discusses using scholarly inquiry but does not state how scholarly inquiry informed or changed professional or academic decisions.
Information is taken from source(s) without any interpretation/evaluation.
The posting uses information that is not valid, relevant, or reliable
No evidence of the use of scholarly inquiry to inform or change professional or academic decisions.
Information is not valid, relevant, or reliable
Performance Category
10
9
8
4
0
Application of Course Knowledge –
Demonstrate the ability to analyze, synthesize, and/or apply principles and concepts learned in the course lesson and outside readings and relate them to real-life professional situations
Posts make direct reference to concepts discussed in the lesson or drawn from relevant outside sources;
Applies concepts to personal experience in the professional setting and or relevant application to real life.
Posts make direct reference to concepts discussed in the lesson or drawn from relevant outside sources.
Applies concepts to personal experience in their professional setting and or relevant application to real life
Interactions with classmates are relevant to the discussion topic but do not make direct reference to lesson content
Posts are generally on topic but do not build knowledge by incorporating concepts and principles from the lesson.
Does not attempt to apply lesson concepts to personal experience in their professional setting and or relevant application to real life
Does not demonstrate a solid understanding of the principles and concepts presented in the lesson
Posts do not adequately address the question posed either by the discussion prompt or the instructor’s launch post.
Posts are superficial and do not reflect an understanding of the lesson content
Does not attempt to apply lesson concepts to personal experience in their professional setting and or relevant application to real life
Posts are not related to the topics provided by the discussion prompt or by the instructor; attempts by the instructor to redirect the student are ignored
No discussion of lesson concepts to personal experience in the professional setting and or relevant application to real life
Performance Category
5
4
3
2
0
Interactive Dialogue
Replies to each graded thread topic posted by the course instructor, by Wednesday, 11:59 p.m. MT, of each week, and posts a minimum of two times in each graded thread, on separate days.
(5 points possible per graded thread)
Exceeds minimum post requirements
Replies to each graded thread topic posted by the course instructor, by Wednesday, 11:59 p.m. MT, of each week, and posts three or more times in each graded thread, over three separate days.
Replies to a post posed by faculty and to a peer
Summarizes what was learned from the lesson, readings, and other student posts for the week.
Replies to each graded thread topic posted by the course instructor, by Wednesday, 11:59 p.m. MT, of each week, and posts a minimum of two times in each graded thread, on separate days
Replies to a question posed by a peer
Summarizes what was learned from the lesson, readings, and other student posts for the week.
Meets expectations of 2 posts on 2 different days.
The main post is not made by the Wednesday deadline
Does not reply to a question posed by a peer or faculty
Has only one post for the week
Discussion posts contain few, if any, new ideas or applications; often are a rehashing or summary of other students’ comments
Does not post to the thread
No connections are made to the topic
Minus 1 Point
Minus 2 Point
Minus 3 Point
Minus 4 Point
Minus 5 Point
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