Feb 23, 2024 NUR 513 Topic 7 DQ 2 What are some of the major ethical issues in conducting research that impacts the advanced registered nurse?
NUR 513 Topic 7 DQ 2 What are some of the major ethical issues in conducting research that impacts the advanced registered nurse?
Conducting research is essential in building safe quality patient care. How the information is gathered must also be held to high standards. In research, as an advanced registered nurse, there are major ethical issues that must be addressed. The information being collected must be unbiased. The patients must be made aware of the treatments being studied while being administered. “In patient care, ethical conflicts are related to patients’ fundamental rights for information, involvement, and equality” (Usberg et al., 2021, p. 239). The patients must also understand how their personal information is being used. After understanding this, they must sign documents stating the release of their information. The licensed professionals must also ensure that the patient’s questions have all been answered before releasing their personal information. During this process, the advanced registered nurse also understands that they are first and foremost, the patient’s advocate. According to Abbasinia et al. (2020) obtaining health-related information and decision-making are extremely important and they need someone to advocate for them. This is one of the most important parts of being a nurse. A person’s health is a delicate precious gift and we as nurses do our very best to protect a patient’s health.
NUR 513 Topic 7 DQ 2 What are some of the major ethical issues in conducting research that impacts the advanced registered nurse?
What are some of the major ethical issues in conducting research that impacts the advanced registered nurse? Discuss the role of the advanced registered nurse in advocating for patient safety and rights in conducting research.
Re: Topic 7 DQ 2
To be frank, the human race does not have the best track record related to ethical medical research. Nazi Germany and the German medical community were very complicit in conducting inhumane, cruel and unethical human research during World War II. After World War II, the Nuremberg trials were shepherded to hold those responsible for some of the heinous acts of “research” conducted in concentration camps (Vaughn, 2017). The outcome of these trials came to be called The Nuremberg Code, which are ten points that outline what is deemed permissible medical experimentation (Vaughn, 2017).
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The Children of Willowbrook, was another situation that began in Staten Island, NY in the 1950s when a children’s state school for the mentally disabled was purposely infecting patients with Hepatitis (Vaughn, 2017). The facility was overcrowded, understaffed, and patients were living in inhumane conditions. This facility did not close until the 80s.
Then there was the Tuskegee Syphilis study that took place in Alabama from the early 1900s all the way to 1972. Basically, a small group of black men were used to study the long-term effects of Syphilis on the human body. This was done without informed consent and continued on even after penicillin was discovered and a by 1947 was a well-known cure for Syphilis (CDC, 2020).
These men were not offered treatment, and the study did not end until 1972 when a journalist took wind of the situation and created public outcry (CDC, 2020). The Tuskegee Syphilis Study led to the Belmont Report and the National Research Act of 1974. The Belmont Report provides an ethical framework to conduct research stemming from the principals of respects, beneficence, and justice (Vaughn, 2017). Respect, referring to autonomy of the patient and informed consent, and the right to confidentiality. Beneficence and nonmaleficence, meaning “doing good” and avoiding doing harm. And lastly justice, meaning that research must be conducted fairly, in a non-exploitative manner, and there must be a fair distribution of cost to both individual and community.
Why we now have codes of conduct, laws, and oaths to guide us in ethical practice related to human research, and care of patients, one must not forget that ethical practice is one that must constantly be reexamined, adapted and enforced. As an Advanced Practice RN (APRN), it is of up most importance to advocate for the patients, their autonomy and their rights. The APRN can play a major role in developing research design, frameworks and implementations so there is a duty to do so in an ethical manner. So when developing EBPs, it is important do rigorous research and closely follow the EBP process.
NUR 513 Topic 7 DQ 2 What are some of the major ethical issues in conducting research that impacts the advanced registered nurse? References
Center for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC]. (2020). U.S. public health services syphilis study at Tuskegee: The Tuskegee timeline. https://www.cdc.gov/tuskegee/timeline.htm
Vaughn, L. (2017). Bioethics: Principles, issues, and cases (3rd). Oxford University Press.
RESPOND HERE (150 WORDS, 2 REFERENCES)
I do agree with your finding that the process of making clinical research on human fair and just has achieved remarkable progress over the years. It is the role of the advanced practice nurse to promote the safety of the patients and ensure that the care for the patients and clinical procedures are guided by the ethical standards (Milliken, 2018). I do agree with you that the Nuremberg code of ethics to guide the clinical research was a great step forward towards achieving human dignity in scientific research.
The Nuremberg code focus ten key elements of subject giving voluntary consent, the objectives of the research should be for the greater good of the society, the human experiments should be carried out after initial experiments on animals, it should avoid any injury or physical damage, the risks should not outweigh the benefits, subjects should be adequately protected, the research should be conducted by qualified scientists, subject can terminate their participation any time and willingly, incase any death, injury or disability is likely to occur then the scientist should terminate the experiment (WHO | Nuremberg code turns 60, n.d.)
NUR 513 Topic 7 DQ 2 What are some of the major ethical issues in conducting research that impacts the advanced registered nurse? References
WHO | Nuremberg code turns 60. (n.d.). WHO. https://www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/85/8/07-045443/en/
Milliken, A. (2018, January 31). Ethical Awareness: What It Is and Why It Matters. Ojin.nursingworld.org. https://ojin.nursingworld.org/MainMenuCategories/ANAMarketplace/ANAPeriodicals/OJIN/TableofContents/Vol-23-2018/No1-Jan-2018/Ethical-Awareness.html
Re: Topic 7 DQ 2
Health research has a history of abuse, whereas participants were sacrificed for scientific gain (Doody & Noonan, 2016). These human rights violations within research spanned throughout the 20th century and made recognition of the importance of ethical nursing research to protect all involved. Good ethical nursing research implies adherence to ethical standards and studies are subject to scrutiny by an ethics board or committee, scientifically sound, researchers are supervised or have expertise, and ethical principles are adhered to throughout the process. Four common ethical principles to consider are autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence, and justice. According to Doody and Noonan (2016), veracity, fidelity, and confidentiality must also be principles considered.
Veracity involves truth and avoids deception. Participants must understand all aspects of the study. In Los Angeles in 1989-91, over 700 minority babies as young as six months were given an experimental measles vaccine. Parents were not informed of the experiment or that the vaccine was unlicensed (Awadu, 1996). This killer vaccine led to the death of 1 of every 13.6 babies in one African experiment. Truth-telling is dishonored in at least two ways; first by lying or deliberately providing inaccurate information; and second, by omission or deliberately withholding information.
Participants entrust themselves to the researcher, which should reciprocate a two-way trust in return. Fidelity or a trusting relationship often leads to participants remaining in the studies, following directions, and knowing there will be no consequences for wanting to drop out at any time (Doody & Noonan, 2016). Confidentiality is another element to uphold. Recall taking a work-related survey asking about the boss or employer and how a breach in confidentiality will affect responses.
APRNs can ensure patient safety and rights in research by advocating for informed consent and overseeing study benefits to serve the greater society. Keep in mind, all research, in theory, can be harmful and should be considered a privilege and not a right especially when human lives are involved.
NUR 513 Topic 7 DQ 2 What are some of the major ethical issues in conducting research that impacts the advanced registered nurse? References
Awadu, K. O. (1996, August). Outrage! How babies were used as guinea pigs in a LA county vaccine experiment. The Conscious Rasta Report, 3(6). http://www.whale.to/vaccines/awadu.html.
Doody, O., & Noonan, M. (2016). Nursing research ethics, guidance, and application in practice. British Journal of Nursing, 25(14), 803–807. https://doi.org/10.12968/bjon.2016.25.14.803
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RESPOND HERE (150 WORDS, 2 REFERENCES)
I do agree with you that the history of scientific research on humans in the past century was inhuman and in violation of the dignity to human life. Human life in both the spiritual and cultural understanding is considered sacred and must be treated with uttermost dignity. The indecent and gross human rights violation of the 19th and the 20th century have no space in the modern world of scientific and technological research. Therefore, it is the role of all the stakeholders involved in scientific research to ensure the set standards of the ethical considerations in scientific research are closely observed at all stages of the research (Milliken, 2018)..
The advanced practice nurse roles should be focused on promoting safety of the patients and quality care. They should ensure that any clinical procedure done on the patient is out of the voluntary consent of the patient. The patient has the autonomy to choose on the available alternative intervention measures. Additionally, the nurses should act in the best good for the improvement of the patient’s health. The key ethical standards of beneficence and nonmaleficence should be the guiding principles of the nurse practice in helping the patient recover to better quality of life and good health (Haddad & Geiger, 2020).
NUR 513 Topic 7 DQ 2 What are some of the major ethical issues in conducting research that impacts the advanced registered nurse? References
Haddad, L., & Geiger, R. (2020). Nursing Ethical Considerations. StatPearls. https://www.statpearls.com/ArticleLibrary/viewarticle/92
Milliken, A. (2018, January 31). Ethical Awareness: What It Is and Why It Matters. Ojin.nursingworld.org. https://ojin.nursingworld.org/MainMenuCategories/ANAMarketplace/ANAPeriodicals/OJIN/TableofContents/Vol-23-2018/No1-Jan-2018/Ethical-Awareness.html
Re: Topic 7 DQ 2
The advanced registered nurses participate in research to improve healthcare services and help health care professionals promote patients’ outcome. For this reason, promoting professional ethical standards, integrity and compliance during research are the roles of advanced registered nurses. Some values or ethics such as the nursing ethics of caring, preventing harm, protecting dignity of the patient and the societal values about human rights, the researcher’s values about scientific inquiry may contradict the values or beliefs of the subject participating in the research (Davoodvand, Abbazadeh & Ahmadi, 2016). The issues of informed consents, respect for confidentiality, anonymity and privacy are serious ethical issues that an Advanced Practice Registered Nurse (APRN) might face when conducting research.
Informed consent is a major ethical issue that APRNs face when conducting research. Informed consent is voluntary, but it is mandatory for the APRN to provide subjects with information about the procedures and treatments, benefits and risks expected in the research prior to accepting to participating. An APRN may encounter issues with obtaining informed from older patients, critically ill and children because they are vulnerable to being forcefully misled into participating in the research.
Researchers may be required to establish trustworthiness among their participants in this case (Yip, Han & Sng, 2016). Moreover, the informed consent is meant to protect subjects from assault, protect their integrity and freedom. Therefore, before the initiation of the research the APRN must inform the subjects of any physical harm or bodily injury, infringement of privacy that may occur during the clinical research (Yip, Han & Sng,2016).
Respect for participants confidentiality and anonymity is the next ethical issue. The APRNs must give participants the opportunity to release their information as they wish. Participants may withhold or release as much information based on their comfort level or level of trust. During research, ethical dilemma may arise if a researcher is required to report confidential information to the court (Yip, Han & Sng,2016).
Respect for privacy is another major ethical issue that APRNs encounter when conducting research. Researchers are not permitted to release participants information to anyone or organization without their consents. Participants will have to decide the degree at which their private information is share with others or withheld from others. The APRNs role is to protect participants privacies when conduccting research (Yip, Han & Sng,2016).
NUR 513 Topic 7 DQ 2 What are some of the major ethical issues in conducting research that impacts the advanced registered nurse? References
Davoodvand, S., Abbaszadeh, A., & Ahmadi, F. (2016). Patient advocacy from the clinical nurses’ viewpoint: A qualitative study. Journal of Medical Ethics and History of Medicine, 9(5), 1-8. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4958925/
Yip, C., Han, N.R., & Sng, B.L. (2016). Legal and ethical issues in research. Indian Journal of Anaesthesia, 60(9), 684-686. Doi: 10.4103/0019-5049.190627
RESPOND HERE (150 WORDS, 2 REFERENCES)
Hello,
I do agree with you that the advanced registered nurse practice role transcends beyond normal care for the patients, it also entails actively engaging in clinical research and coming up with advanced clinical findings aimed at promoting efficient and effective care for the patients. These nurses have the trust of the patients and are better placed in guiding the research projects aimed at promoting better clinical outcomes. However, they must adhere to the ethical standards and maintain the trust with the patients. The ethical considerations play a crucial role in the protection of human subjects in clinical research process (Wu et al., 2019). The advanced registered nurses have the responsibility ensuring confidentiality of the patient’s information. Additionally, for the patients to be involved in any research they have to give voluntary consent and have the autonomy to withdraw from the research at any point without victimization. The patients who are underage, mentally incapacitated or older cannot be considered to offer consent and the close relatives have to be consulted in order to give the consent (Axson et al., 2019).
NUR 513 Topic 7 DQ 2 What are some of the major ethical issues in conducting research that impacts the advanced registered nurse? References
Axson, S. A., Giordano, N. A., Hermann, R. M., & Ulrich, C. M. (2019). Evaluating nurse understanding and participation in the informed consent process. Nursing Ethics, 26(4), 1050–1061. https://doi.org/10.1177/0969733017740175
Wu, Y., Howarth, M., Zhou, C., Hu, M., & Cong, W. (2019). Reporting of ethical approval and informed consent in clinical research published in leading nursing journals: a retrospective observational study. BMC Medical Ethics, 20(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12910-019-0431-5
One person I admire in the field of nursing is my mom. She has been a nurse for 40+ years! My mom has worked in OB/GYN, Dialysis, and with the school board. To this day, I still speak with my mom when I have medical questions. I respect her opinion and experience. I feel in life, especially nursing, experience can be such as asset. She has seen and done so many things in life and as a nurse, and it makes her a great resource and confidant.
Other characteristics my mom has that I admire are her integrity, attention to detail, organization skills, compassion, patience, how humble she is, and willingness to say when she is unsure. Even when my mom is unsure of something, she researches and collaborates with others to find the best answer to any question I have. As I’ve gotten older, I’ve learned to appreciate these characteristics so much more, especially when I know how difficult it is to have and keep these traits. Honestly, listening to her stories within the nursing profession helps me to make difficult decisions within my own nursing career. She is an example of what it takes to be an extraordinary nurse and I appreciate her willingness to support me in life and choice of profession. (word count: 215)
Here are a few APA tips based on some common mistakes I often see:
When referencing a book, the place of publication is not included in the reference, just the publisher’s name, per 7th edition APA.
When citing and referencing a source with three or more authors: on the reference list, all of the authors should be listed and, in the citation, use the first author’s name followed by et al. all of the time, per 7th edition APA.
When referencing a journal article, the title of the journal should be italicized, not the title of the article.
When formatting an in-text citation for a direct quote, the information should be in quotation marks, and the page number included as part of the citation.
Remember when creating a reference list, only materials that were cited in the paper should be listed.
When there are two articles written by the same author in the same year, both the in-text citation and the reference list should have a letter after the year to tell them apart.
As you have now completed the quiz and two APA formatted papers and in preparation for the final assignment, what unanswered questions do you have regarding APA format? When you have APA questions, what is your go-to resource
I have used the APA format in the past, but it was several years ago. It has been easier than expected to learn to use it again. Many things have helped me so far in this course including one of the first assignments pertaining to learning to navigate the online environment, instructor feedback, and the quiz. I learned how to find many different resources early in the course, and I bookmark them for easier access when I need them. I do not have any unanswered questions at the moment related to APA format. As I utilize different kinds of resources and references in my assignments, I learn more about how to cite them including how to cite quotes, citing sources with more than three authors, and citing two articles with the same author. My go-to is the research guide in the Grand Canyon University Library. I always have it pulled up on my computer for easy access.
APA ensures proper paper formatting and organization of assignments. APA ensures that ideas and research information is presented invariably. The presented guides have helped me write the assignments. Creating accurate references and citations in APA is quite a task. One question that is a bit confusing is the APA referencing for websites. In some cases, we use sources from reputable websites such as ANA, AACN, and WHO. The confusion is on whether to italicize the website’s title or not. Also, can the header be omitted in APA 7? Another question that I would like clarification on is on block citations on quoted content. Besides, citing quoted text often requires the indication of page numbers. What happens when the content has no page numbers, for instance, in the case of e-books and websites?
When I have APA questions, my go-to resource includes GCU APA resource guides, in the students’ resource center. I also use the internet to clarify some of the questions. Some helpful resources on the internet include Purdue OWL.
With all these resources, I anticipate demonstrating excellent referencing and citation skills for my last assignment since I will have all my pending questions answered. As a professional, accurately and communicating research findings and ideas is crucial. I also look forward to applying the APA knowledge outside my class assignments to facilitate research organization and clear communication. APA style provides clarity on complex topics by ensuring a good flow. APA encourages a direct exposition of our research and ensures and emphasizes the original ideas being presented.
Here are a few APA tips based on some common mistakes I often see:
When referencing a book, the place of publication is not included in the reference, just the publisher’s name, per 7th edition APA.
When citing and referencing a source with three or more authors: on the reference list, all of the authors should be listed and, in the citation, use the first author’s name followed by et al. all of the time, per 7th edition APA.
When referencing a journal article, the title of the journal should be italicized, not the title of the article.
When formatting an in-text citation for a direct quote, the information should be in quotation marks, and the page number included as part of the citation.
Remember when creating a reference list, only materials that were cited in the paper should be listed.
When there are two articles written by the same author in the same year, both the in-text citation and the reference list should have a letter after the year to tell them apart.
As you have now completed the quiz and two APA formatted papers and in preparation for the final assignment, what unanswered questions do you have regarding APA format? When you have APA questions, what is your go-to resource?
REPLY
I have used the APA format in the past, but it was several years ago. It has been easier than expected to learn to use it again. Many things have helped me so far in this course including one of the first assignments pertaining to learning to navigate the online environment, instructor feedback, and the quiz. I learned how to find many different resources early in the course, and I bookmark them for easier access when I need them. I do not have any unanswered questions at the moment related to APA format. As I utilize different kinds of resources and references in my assignments, I learn more about how to cite them including how to cite quotes, citing sources with more than three authors, and citing two articles with the same author. My go-to is the research guide in the Grand Canyon University Library. I always have it pulled up on my computer for easy access.
REPLY
APA ensures proper paper formatting and organization of assignments. APA ensures that ideas and research information is presented invariably. The presented guides have helped me write the assignments. Creating accurate references and citations in APA is quite a task. One question that is a bit confusing is the APA referencing for websites. In some cases, we use sources from reputable websites such as ANA, AACN, and WHO. The confusion is on whether to italicize the website’s title or not. Also, can the header be omitted in APA 7? Another question that I would like clarification on is on block citations on quoted content. Besides, citing quoted text often requires the indication of page numbers. What happens when the content has no page numbers, for instance, in the case of e-books and websites?
When I have APA questions, my go-to resource includes GCU APA resource guides, in the students’ resource center. I also use the internet to clarify some of the questions. Some helpful resources on the internet include Purdue OWL. With all these resources, I anticipate demonstrating excellent referencing and citation skills for my last assignment since I will have all my pending questions answered. As a professional, accurately and communicating research findings and ideas is crucial. I also look forward to applying the APA knowledge outside my class assignments to facilitate research organization and clear communication. APA style provides clarity on complex topics by ensuring a good flow. APA encourages a direct exposition of our research and ensures and emphasizes the original ideas being presented.
REPLY
APA formatting was one of the challenges that I faced in this course, even though I used APA format writing for my BSN program. I am getting improved with each assignment and valuable feedback. I
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