Feb 23, 2024 NURS 6630 Week 4 Therapy for Patients With MDD
NURS 6630 Week 4 Therapy for Patients With MDD
NURS 6630 Week 4 Therapy for Patients With MDD
According to theNational Institute of Mental Health,approximately 9% of teenagers from the age of 12 to 17 years have depression disorder in the United States.Ghandour et al., (2019) reported that about 3.2% of African American adolescents presented with suicidal thoughtsin 2018as 1.4%tried to commit. Despite the burden associated with this mental disorder, several treatment options are available to help manage the symptoms and promote the quality of life of children and adolescents with this disorder.
The assigned case study demonstrates an African American boy child diagnosed with depression. The patient reports symptoms such as irritability, feeling sad, decreased appetite, and withdrawalfrom social gatherings like school. The conducted mental status examination revealed that the patient is suicidal, but has never tried to kill himself. The patient however denies hallucinations and delirium among other psychotic symptoms. Based on clinical practice guidelines and DSM-5 diagnostic criteria,together with a score of 30 on theChildren’s Depression Rating Scale,the patient’s primary diagnosis is depression.
The patient’s age, African American race, and anxiety diagnosis are some of the factors which might affect the choice of drugs for the management of the patient’s symptoms. For instance, most antipsychotic agents are associated with suicidal attempts, among other side effects hence must be monitored closely when use among children and adolescents. Additionally, a study conducted by (Leichsenring et al., 2021) reported that African Americans are more likely tocarry alleles that slow down the metabolism of most antidepressants such as tricyclic antidepressants (TCA), leading to a ‘slowmetabolizer’ phenotype hence higher blood TCA plasma level, in addition to more rapid response. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate the decision-making process of the most effective medication to include in the patient’s treatment plan, while observing pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic factors, in addition to ethical considerations which might impact this care process.
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Decision #1 Top of Form
Selected Decision and Rationale
The initial intervention is to start the patient on Zoloft 25 mg orally once daily. Sertraline belongs to the class of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), recommended in national clinical guidelines as the first-line for the management of depression in children and adults (Walkup, 2017).
Considering the patient’s specific factors, Zoloft is the best choice of drug for the management of depressive symptoms displayed by the patient. anxiety symptoms. For instance,most studies recommend the use of sertraline among children as a result of its great effectiveness and desirable safety profile reported by the few conducted clinical trials. The drug acts by inhibiting the central nervous system (CNS) neuronal uptake of serotonin(5HT) (Pile et al., 2020).
Among children, the recommended starting dose is 25mg. The drug is absorbed slowly in the GIT with a peak plasma level being attained after 6 to 8 hours, necessary to elicit optimal therapeutic action. Studies have also identified several polymorphisms in genes encoding P-450 isoenzymes (2D6 and 2C19) among African Americans which affect the metabolism of the drug. However, when used in low disease, the drugs have displayed great effectiveness with an appealing safety profile.
Wellbutrin on the other hand is not recommended for children less than 18 years due to evidence deficits in its safety and effectiveness (Ghandour et al., 2019). The drug is also associated with high suicidal incidence, hence not appropriate for this patient as he already displayed symptoms of suicidal ideation. Paxil is also not appropriate for this patient as it is also associated with high suicide incidences as the FDA issued a black box warning for use of the drug among this vulnerable population (Leichsenring et al., 2021). It should only be considered in case there is no other suitable option which in this case is Zoloft as described above.
Expected Outcome
The drug is expected to display at least 50% remission of the patient’s depression symptoms within the next 4 to 8 weeks. As a result, theChildren’s Depression Rating Scalescores are expected to decrease to less than 10 from 30. Only common self-limiting side effects such as dry mouth increased sweating and headache might be expected(Walkup, 2017).
Ethical Considerations
Given that the patient is under the age of 18 years, it will be necessary for the PMHNP to adequately inform the patient’s parents about the available treatment options and their benefits and risks to involve them in decision making concerning the health of their child(Pile et al., 2020). Parents and guardians have legal authority in making healthcare decisions for their children.
Mood disorders can impact every facet of a human being’s life, making the most basic activities difficult for patients and their families. This was the case for 13-year-old Jeanette, who was struggling at home and at school. For more than 8 years, Jeanette suffered from temper tantrums, impulsiveness, inappropriate behavior, difficulty in judgment, and sleep issues.
As a PNP working with pediatric patients, you must be able to assess whether these symptoms are caused by psychological, social, or underlying growth and development issues. You must then be able recommend appropriate therapies.
This week, as you examine antidepressant therapies, you explore the assessment and treatment of three populations: pediatrics, adults, and geriatrics. The focus of your assessment tool, a decision tree, will specifically center on one of the most vulnerable populations, pediatrics. Please remember, you must also consider the ethical and legal implications of these therapies. You will also complete a Quiz on the concepts addressed throughout this module.
Learning Objectives
Students will:
Assess patient factors and history to develop personalized plans of antidepressant therapy across the lifespan
Analyze factors that influence pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic processes in pediatric, adult, and geriatric patients requiring antidepressant therapy
Synthesize knowledge of providing care to pediatric, adult, and geriatric patients presenting for antidepressant therapy
Analyze ethical and legal implications related to prescribing antidepressant therapy to patients across the lifespan
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Learning Resources
Required Readings (click to expand/reduce)
Baek, J. H., Nierenberg, A. A., & Fava, M. (2016). Pharmacological approaches to treatment-resistant depression. In T. A. Stern, M. Favo, T. E. Wilens, & J. F. Rosenbaum. (Eds.), Massachusetts General Hospital psychopharmacology and neurotherapeutics (pp. 44–47). Elsevier.
Fava, M., & Papakostas, G. I. (2016). Antidepressants. In T. A. Stern, M. Favo, T. E. Wilens, & J. F. Rosenbaum. (Eds.), Massachusetts General Hospital psychopharmacology and neurotherapeutics (pp. 27–43). Elsevier.
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596
Howland, R. H. (2008a). Sequenced Treatment Alternatives to Relieve Depression (STAR*D). Part 1: Study design. Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services, 46(9), 21–24. https://doi.org/10.3928/02793695-20080901-06
Howland, R. H. (2008b). Sequenced Treatment Alternatives to Relieve Depression (STAR*D). Part 2: Study outcomes. Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services, 46(10), 21–24. https://doi.org/10.3928/02793695-20081001-05
Lorberg, B., Davico, C., Martsenkovskyi, D., & Vitiello, B. (2019). Principles in using psychotropic medication in children and adolescents. In J. M. Rey & A. Martin (Eds.), IACAPAP e-textbook of child and adolescent mental health. https://iacapap.org/content/uploads/A.7-Psychopharmacology-2019.1.pdf
Magellan Health. (2013). Appropriate use of psychotropic drugs in children and adolescents: A clinical monograph. http://www.magellanhealth.com/media/445492/magellan-psychotropicdrugs-0203141.pdf
Poznanski, E. O., & Mokros, H. B. (1996). Child depression rating scale—Revised. Western Psychological Services.
Rao, U. (2013). Biomarkers in pediatric depression. Depression & Anxiety, 30(9), 787–791. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.22171
Yasuda, S. U., Zhang, L. & Huang, S.-M. (2008). The role of ethnicity in variability in response to drugs: Focus on clinical pharmacology studies. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 84(3), 417–423. https://web.archive.org/web/20170809004704/https://www.fda.gov/downloads/Drugs/ScienceResearch/…/UCM085502.pdf
Medication Resources (click to expand/reduce)
U.S. Food & Drug Administration. (n.d.). Drugs@FDA: FDA-approved drugs. https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cder/daf/index.cfm
Note: To access the following medications, use the Drugs@FDA resource. Type the name of each medication in the keyword search bar. Select the hyperlink related to the medication name you searched. Review the supplements provided and select the package label resource file associated with the medication you searched. If a label is not available, you may need to conduct a general search outside of this resource provided. Be sure to review the label information for each medication as this information will be helpful for your review in preparation for your Assignments.
Review the following medications:
amitriptyline
bupropion
citalopram
clomipramine
desipramine
desvenlafaxine
doxepin
duloxetine
escitalopram
fluoxetine
fluvoxamine
imipramine
ketamine
mirtazapine
nortriptyline
paroxetine
selegiline
sertraline
trazodone
venlafaxine
vilazodone
vortioxetine
Required Media (click to expand/reduce)
Case Study: An African American Child Suffering from Depression
Note: This case study will serve as the foundation for this week’s Assignment.
Optional Resources (click to expand/reduce)
El Marroun, H., White, T., Verhulst, F., & Tiemeier, H. (2014). Maternal use of antidepressant or anxiolytic medication during pregnancy and childhood neurodevelopmental outcomes: A systematic review. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 23(10), 973–992. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-014-0558-3
Gordon, M. S., & Melvin, G. A. (2014). Do antidepressants make children and adolescents suicidal? Journal of Pediatrics and Child Health, 50(11), 847–854. https://doi.org/10.1111/jpc.12655
Seedat, S. (2014). Controversies in the use of antidepressants in children and adolescents: A decade since the storm and where do we stand now? Journal of Child & Adolescent Mental Health, 26(2),
iii–v. https://doi.org/10.2989/17280583.2014.938497
Assignment: Assessing and Treating Pediatric Patients With Mood Disorders
When pediatric patients present with mood disorders, the process of assessing, diagnosing, and treating them can be quite complex. Children not only present with different signs and symptoms than adult patients with the same disorders, they also metabolize medications much differently. Yet, there may be times when the same psychopharmacologic treatments may be used in both pediatric and adult cases with major depressive disorders. As a result, psychiatric nurse practitioners must exercise caution when prescribing psychotropic medications to these patients. For this Assignment, as you examine the patient case study in this week’s Learning Resources, consider how you might assess and treat pediatric patients presenting with mood disorders.
To prepare for this Assignment:
Review this week’s Learning Resources, including the Medication Resources indicated for this week.
Reflect on the psychopharmacologic treatments you might recommend for the assessment and treatment of pediatric patients requiring antidepressant therapy.
The Assignment: 5 pages
Examine Case Study: An African American Child Suffering From Depression. You will be asked to make three decisions concerning the medication to prescribe to this patient. Be sure to consider factors that might impact the patient’s pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic processes.
At each decision point, you should evaluate all options before selecting your decision and moving throughout the exercise. Before you make your decision, make sure that you have researched each option and that you evaluate the decision that you will select. Be sure to research each option using the primary literature.
Introduction to the case (1 page)
Briefly explain and summarize the case for this Assignment. Be sure to include the specific patient factors that may impact your decision making when prescribing medication for this patient.
Decision #1 (1 page)
Which decision did you select?
Why did you select this decision? Be specific and support your response with clinically relevant and patient-specific resources, including the primary literature.
Why did you not select the other two options provided in the exercise? Be specific and support your response with clinically relevant and patient-specific resources, including the primary literature.
What were you hoping to achieve by making this decision? Support your response with evidence and references to the Learning Resources (including the primary literature).
Explain how ethical considerations may impact your treatment plan and communication with patients. Be specific and provide examples.
Decision #2 (1 page)
Why did you select this decision? Be specific and support your response with clinically relevant and patient-specific resources, including the primary literature.
Why did you not select the other two options provided in the exercise? Be specific and support your response with clinically relevant and patient-specific resources, including the primary literature.
What were you hoping to achieve by making this decision? Support your response with evidence and references to the Learning Resources (including the primary literature).
Explain how ethical considerations may impact your treatment plan and communication with patients. Be specific and provide examples.
Decision #3 (1 page)
Why did you select this decision? Be specific and support your response with clinically relevant and patient-specific resources, including the primary literature.
Why did you not select the other two options provided in the exercise? Be specific and support your response with clinically relevant and patient-specific resources, including the primary literature.
What were you hoping to achieve by making this decision? Support your response with evidence and references to the Learning Resources (including the primary literature).
Explain how ethical considerations may impact your treatment plan and communication with patients. Be specific and provide examples.
Conclusion (1 page)
Summarize your recommendations on the treatment options you selected for this patient. Be sure to justify your recommendations and support your response with clinically relevant and patient-specific resources, including the primary literature.
Note: Support your rationale with a minimum of five academic resources. While you may use the course text to support your rationale, it will not count toward the resource requirement. You should be utilizing the primary and secondary literature.
Reminder : The College of Nursing requires that all papers submitted include a title page, introduction, summary, and references. The Sample Paper provided at the Walden Writing Center provides an example of those required elements (available at https://academicguides.waldenu.edu/writingcenter/templates/general#s-lg-box-20293632).All papers submitted must use this formatting.
By Day 7
Submit your Assignment.
Submission and Grading Information
To submit your completed Assignment for review and grading, do the following:
Please save your Assignment using the naming convention “WK4Assgn+last name+first initial.(extension)” as the name.
Click the Week 4 Assignment Rubric to review the Grading Criteria for the Assignment.
Click the Week 4 Assignment link. You will also be able to “View Rubric” for grading criteria from this area.
Next, from the Attach File area, click on the Browse My Computer button. Find the document you saved as “WK4Assgn+last name+first initial.(extension)” and click Open.
If applicable: From the Plagiarism Tools area, click the checkbox for I agree to submit my paper(s) to the Global Reference Database.
Click on the Submit button to complete your submission.
Grading Criteria
To access your rubric:
Week 4 Assignment Rubric
Check Your Assignment Draft for Authenticity
To check your Assignment draft for authenticity:
Submit your Week 4 Assignment draft and review the originality report.
Submit Your Assignment by Day 7 of Week 4
To participate in this Assignment:
Week 4 Assignment
What’s Coming Up in Week 5?
Photo Credit: [BrianAJackson]/[iStock / Getty Images Plus]/Getty Images
Next week, you will build on your assessment and treatment skills as you examine patients presenting with bipolar disorders.
Next Week
To go to the next week:
Week 5
Rubric Detail
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Content
Name: NURS_6630_Week4_Assignment_Rubric
Grid View
List View
ExcellentPoint range: 90–100
GoodPoint range: 80–89
FairPoint range: 70–79
PoorPoint range: 0–69
Introduction to the case (1 page)Briefly explain and summarize the case for this Assignment. Be sure to include the specific patient factors that may impact your decision making when prescribing medication for this patient.
Points Range: 9 (9%) – 10 (10%)The response accurately, clearly, and fully summarizes in detail the case for the Assignment.
The response accurately and clearly explains in detail the specific patient factors that impact decision making when prescribing medication for this patient.
Points Range: 8 (8%) – 8 (8%)The response accurately summarizes the case for the Assignment.
The response accurately explains the specific patient factors that impact decision making with prescribing medication for this patient.
Points Range: 7 (7%) – 7 (7%)The response inaccurately or vaguely summarizes the case for the Assignment.
The response inaccurately or vaguely explains the specific patient factors that impact decision making with prescribing medication for this patient.
Points Range: 0 (0%) – 6 (6%)The response inaccurately and vaguely summarizes the case for the Assignment, or is missing.
The response inaccurately and vaguely explains the specific patient factors that impact decision making with prescribing medication for this patient.
Decision #1 (1–2 pages)• Which decision did you select?
• Why did you select this decision? Be specific and support your response with clinically relevant and patient-specific resources, including the primary literature.
• Why did you not select the other two options provided in the exercise? Be specific and support your response with clinically relevant and patient-specific resources, including the primary literature.
• What were you hoping to achieve by making this decision? Support your response with evidence and references to the Learning Resources (including the primary literature).
• Explain how ethical considerations may impact your treatment plan and communication with patients. Be specific and provide examples.
Points Range: 18 (18%) – 20 (20%)The response accurately and clearly explains in detail the decision selected.
The response accurately and clearly explains in detail why the decision was selected, with specific clinically relevant resources that fully support the decision selected.
The response accurately and clearly explains in detail why the other two responses were not selected, with specific clinically relevant resources that fully support the response.
The response accurately and clearly explains in detail the outcome the student was hoping to achieve with the selected decision, with specific clinically relevant resources that fully support the response.
The response accurately and clearly explains in detail how ethical considerations impact the treatment plan and communication with patients.
Examples provided fully support the decisions and responses provided.
Points Range: 16 (16%) – 17 (17%)The response accurately explains the decision selected.
The response explains why the decision was selected, with specific clinically relevant resources that support the decision selected.
The response accurately explains why the other two responses were not selected, with specific clinically relevant resources that support the response.
The response accurately explains the outcome the student was hoping to achieve with the selected decision, with specific clinically relevant resources that support the response.
The response accurately explains how ethical considerations impact the treatment plan and communication with patients.
Examples provided support the decisions and responses provided.
Points Range: 14 (14%) – 15 (15%)The response inaccurately or vaguely explains the decision selected.
The response inaccurately or vaguely explains why the decision was selected, with specific clinically relevant resources that inaccurately or vaguely support the decision selected.
The response inaccurately or vaguely explains why the other two responses were not selected, with specific clinically relevant resources that inaccurately or vaguely support the response.
The response inaccurately or vaguely explains the outcome the student was hoping to achieve with the selected decision, with specific clinically relevant resources that inaccurately or vaguely support the response.
The response inaccurately or vaguely explains how ethical considerations impact the treatment plan and communication with patients.
Examples provided may support the decisions and responses provided.
Points Range: 0 (0%) – 13 (13%)The response inaccurately and vaguely explains the decision selected.
The response inaccurately and vaguely explains why the decision was selected, with specific clinically relevant resources that do not support the decision selected, or is missing.
The response inaccurately and vaguely explains why the other two responses were not selected, with specific clinically relevant resources that do not support the decision selected, or is missing.
The response inaccurately and vaguely explains the outcome the student was hoping to achieve with the selected decision, with specifi
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