Feb 23, 2024 NURS 8100 Week 10 Discussion: Nursing and Health Policy in Other Nations
A Sample Answer For the Assignment: NURS 8100 Week 10 Discussion: Nursing and Health Policy in Other Nations
NURS 8100 Week 10 Discussion: Nursing and Health Policy in Other Nations
Thanks for the insightful discussion. From your analysis, I have learned that there are similarities and differences between COVID-19 vaccination policies both in Kenya and the United States (Murthy et al., 2022). There are some general observations can be made in this scenario. Firstly, it is important to note that the rollout of vaccines in both Kenya and the United States has been slower than initial hopes and expectations. In part, this reflects challenges in both countries in terms of infrastructure and resources (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2022).
That said, there have been some significant differences between the two countries in terms of their vaccine policies. In Kenya, for example, only health care workers have been vaccinated so far, while in the United States vaccinations have been open to a wider range of people including essential workers and those over 65 years of age (Matrajt et al., 2021). The policy in United States may not be achieved not because of lack of the vaccine but due to personal choices or other reasons. In Kenya, however the government has the money to purchase the vaccines which are not readily available.
References
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2022). Immunization schedules https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/schedules/hcp/imz/adult.html
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Matrajt, L., Brown, E. R., Dimitrov, D., & Janes, H. (2021). The role of antiviral treatment in curbing the COVID-19 pandemic: a modeling study. Medrxiv. 10.1101/2021.11.10.21266139
Murthy, N., Wodi, A. P., Bernstein, H., & Ault, K. A. (2022). Recommended Adult Immunization Schedule, United States, 2022. Annals of Internal Medicine, 175(3), 432–443. https://doi.org/10.7326/M22-0036
Discussion: Nursing and Health Policy in Other Nations
Think for a moment about nurses who relocate because of professional opportunities. How could such a seemingly personal decision have a detrimental impact on global health care? As presented in this week’s Learning Resources, nurse migration is of global concern. In response to this issue, international health care organizations such as the World Health Organization (WHO) and the International Council of Nurses (ICN) have positioned themselves to craft related policy as a solution. This is just one example of a global nursing policy effort.
Accountable care organizations consist of providers of health care, hospitals, and physicians who, on their own accord, provide Medicare patients with high quality and coordinated care. Accountable care organizations make up the new unit established by the Affordable Care Act; the 2010 law that introduced massive health reforms. The law requires accountable care organizations to take care of the quality and cost of care that patients receive (Shortell et al., 2015).
These organizations primarily aim to deliver excellent and flawless care to patients at the appropriate time, particularly those who are chronically ill. Accountable care organizations consist of specified group of suppliers and providers that the Affordable Care Act has approved to promote active participation of physicians and physician associates, clinical nurse specialists, and nurse practitioners. In accountable care organizations, nursing leadership is accentuated, implying that registered nurses can develop improvement initiatives and lead in quality assurance.
Medical Homes
Patient-centered medical homes work in the same manner as Accountable Care Organizations. Their aim is to deliver primary care that is ample, accessible, patient-centered, synchronized, managed, and established upon safety and quality. The medical home is a framework rather than a final destination that helps achieve excellence in primary care, which implies that patients can receive care in a manner that addresses all the needs of the patient at the appropriate time and in the apposite place (Patient-Centered Primary Care Collaborative, 2019).
This model solves the problem of health care costs and relies on the work of primary providers of care, including licensed nurse-midwives, NPs, and physicians. Since nurses are front-line healthcare providers, they have a critical role in this model because they participate actively in referring patients who require specialized care, disease prevention, health promotion, as well as ordering and interpreting laboratory tests or studies.
Nurse-Managed Health Centers
Health centers managed by nurses constitute an important model in healthcare reform. They were established by Affordable Care Act. They are engaged in the promotion of primary care, control of chronic illnesses in the rural areas and medically underserved parts of the U.S., as well as disease prevention. The management of these centers is done by all the nurse clinicians, nurse midwives, nurses in public health, and specialists in clinical nursing.
These professionals provide numerous health services that mostly focus on deserving communities, including diagnosing and prescribing to illness, referral to specialists, as well as post- and pre- natal care (Auerbach et al., 2013). In this care model, the nurse-managed clinics help in enhancing access to primary care for vulnerable populations or medically underserved communities.
NURS 8100 Week 10 Discussion Nursing and Health Policy in Other Nations
Similarly, the model boosts up nursing leadership and practice for nursing students because the centers maintain workforce and patient data and serve as important clinical training sites.
In conclusion, health centers managed by nurses, accountable care organizations, as well as medical homes constitute the new ACA health care delivery model meant to address issues related to access of quality health care and medical homes. The models are primarily competent, patient-centered, cost effective, and accessible. Their development has significantly changed the nursing role and created new standards for nurses.
Nurses no longer have to serve as front-line healthcare workers only; they work as efficiency experts and care coordinators. Their role is critical in the success of the above healthcare models (McClelland, 2017). They work as care integrators and contribute significantly to continuum care in community health and acute care settings.
Similarly, besides health reforms and major advancements in health technology, nurses play an increased role in preventive care, which is accentuated more than curative care. Thus, the nursing role is gaining increasing demand, which necessitates more professional, skilled, and educated nurses to ensure that changes in the health care system are implemented successfully.
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In this week’s learning resources we reviewed how healthcare is provided in various countries impacting the international continuum of care. This international continuum of care has been a topic of interest for centuries, but really pick up momentum as individuals gained access to convenient and fast international travel. Bodenheimer & Grumback (2020) shared that there is no universal design for healthcare delivery.
This discrepancy can be a barrier and opportunity for each country to tailor the delivery system to what their population of citizens. For example, social determinants of health are addressed differently in each country. Additionally, various nursing organizations are also focused on the international continuum of care.
The International Council of Nursing (n.d.) is focused on several international nursing policies like socio-economic welfare. This is a demonstration of the role of an international organization in developing policy.
I am currently working in collaboration with a university in Rwanda creating curriculum content for a Nursing Leadership and Midwifery graduate level program. I am also an international nursing mentor and am working with students in Rwanda and Kenya on implementing quality improvement projects. The country that I am comparing to the U.S. is Rwanda.
A policy that Rwanda’s Ministry of Health (n.d.) is working on is related to how social determinants of health are addressed. Rwanda is currently rebounding from civil war in the mid 1990’s. In the past several decades they have made significant improvements in address it’s citizens social determinants of health.
However, the country has an opportunity to optimize this effort due to persistent extreme poverty, overexploited land, and effects of climate change on housing and healthcare (Government of the Republic of Rwanda Ministry of Health, n.d.). The country’s nursing population is also largely midwives due to lack of providers in the country. Bazirete et. al. (2020) shared how social determinants of health impact maternal mortality and morbidity in rural Rwanda.
Social determinants of health is also a policy that is address in the U.S. The American Academy of Nursing has a policy from 2019 which prioritizes a focus on social determinants of health for nursing (Kuehnert et. al., 2022).
We’ve incorporated social determinants of health into screening tools and electronic health records to provide targeted population health to support our existing healthcare system and reduce the burden on resources. Bedside nursing is incorporating social determinants of health into clinical practice by allowing the information to impact clinical decision making for improved health outcomes (Phillips et. al., 2020).
From the comparison between how Rwanda and the U.S. are creating policy around social determinants of health I’ve gained an understanding of how different the social needs of each country can be. Additionally, I’ve gained an understanding that it’s challenging to compare a third world and first world healthcare system. Each country is working with vastly different healthcare resources, infrastructure, and population health needs.
References
Bazirete, O., Nzayirambaho, M., Umubyeyi, A., Uwimana, M. C., & Evans, M. (2020). Influencing factors for prevention of postpartum hemorrhage and early detection of childbearing women at risk in Northern Province of Rwanda: beneficiary and health worker perspectives. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 20(1), 678. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-020-03389-7
Bodenheimer, T., & Grumbach, K. (2020). Understanding health policy: A clinical approach (8th ed.). McGraw-Hill.
Government of the Republic of Rwanda Ministry of Health. (n.d.). Policies. https://www.moh.gov.rw/publications/policies
International Council of Nurses. (n.d.). https://www.icn.ch/nursing-policy
Kuehnert, P., Fawcett, J., DePriest, K. N., Chinn, P., Cousin, L., Ervin, N., Flanagan, J., Fry- Bowers, E., Killion, C., Maliski, S., Manughan, E., Meade, C., Murray, T., Schenk, B., & Waite, R. (2022). Defining the social determinants of health for nursing action to achieve health equity: A consensus paper from the American Academy of Nursing. Nursing Outlook, 70(1), 10-27. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.outlook.2021.08.003
Phillips, J., Richard, A., Mayer, K. M., Shilkaitis, M., Fogg, L. F., & Vondracek, H. (2020). Integrating the social determinants of health into nursing practice: Nurses’ perspectives. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 52(5), 497–505. https://doi.org/10.1111/jnu.12584
To prepare for Discussion: Nursing and Health Policy in Other Nations:
With information from the Learning Resources in mind, select a U.S. nursing- or health-related policy.
Search the web and locate a similar policy in another country.
Consider how the two policies are similar and dissimilar.
Was an international organization involved in promoting the policies? If not, should they have been?
By Day 3 of Discussion: Nursing and Health Policy in Other Nations
Post a cohesive response that addresses the following:
Post information on the nursing or health-related policies you located including a reference to the source.
Indicate the country you are comparing to the U.S.
Compare and contrast the two policies. What insights did you gain as a result of this comparison?
What is the role of international organizations in developing policy? Provide a specific example.
Read a selection of your colleagues’ postings.
By Day 6 of Discussion: Nursing and Health Policy in Other Nations
Respond to at least two of your colleagues in one or more of the following ways:
Ask a probing question, substantiated with additional background information, evidence or research.
Share an insight from having read your colleagues’ postings, synthesizing the information to provide new perspectives.
Offer and support an alternative perspective using readings from the classroom or from your own research in the Walden Library.
Validate an idea with your own experience and additional research.
Make a suggestion based on additional evidence drawn from readings or after synthesizing multiple postings.
Expand on your colleagues’ postings by providing additional insights or contrasting perspectives based on readings and evidence.
Note: Please see the Syllabus and Discussion Rubric for formal Discussion question posting and response evaluation criteria. Discussion: Nursing and Health Policy in Other Nations
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Return to this Discussion in a few days to read the responses to your initial posting. Note what you learned and/or any insights you gained as a result of the comments made by your colleagues.
Be sure to support your work with specific citations from this week’s Learning Resources and any additional sources. Discussion: Nursing and Health Policy in Other Nations
NURS 8100 Week 10: Nursing and Health Policy: The International Perspective
To be a professional nurse today means having a world view. With the internationalization of health care issues, it is important to broaden your perspective and explore international health policy and nursing practice.
This week, you will focus on global health care policy. You will examine the nursing profession through an international lens, as well as investigate global efforts to promote health policies and improve health care delivery around the world.
Learning Objectives
Students will:
Compare and contrast U.S. nursing or health-related policies with those of another country
Evaluate the role of international nursing or health organizations in developing or supporting nursing policy
Photo Credit: [Bartosz Hadyniak]/[Vetta]/Getty Images
Learning Resources
Note: To access this week’s required library resources, please click on the link to the Course Readings List, found in the Course Materials section of your Syllabus.
Required Readings
Bodenheimer, T., & Grumbach, K. (2016). Understanding health policy: A clinical approach (7th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Medical.
Chapter 14, “Health Care in Four Nations”This chapter compares the health care systems in Germany, Canada, United Kingdom, and Japan. All these nations offer universal health care; however, they organize and finance health care in varying ways.
Asadov, D.A., & Aripov, T. Y. (2009). The quality of care in post-soviet Uzbekistan: Are health reforms and international efforts succeeding? Public Health, 123(11), 725–728.
Note: You will access this article from the Walden Library databases.
The authors discuss why health care initiatives in developing countries, such as Uzbekistan, are not succeeding, even with international involvement. They suggest involving regional input and consideration for better success.
Baillie, L., & Gallagher, A. (2009). Evaluation of the Royal College of Nursing’s ‘Dignity: At the heart of everything we do’ campaign: Exploring challenges and enablers. Journal of Research in Nursing, 15(1), 15–28.
Note: You will access this article from the Walden Library databases.
This article provides details from a study concerning the Royal College of Nursing’s campaign to promote dignity in care. The authors focus on two aspects of the study—“enablers” and “challenges” of providing dignity in care to patients.
Clarke, S. P., & Aiken, L. H. (2008). An international hospital outcomes research agenda focused on nursing: Lessons from a decade of collaboration. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 17(24), 3317–3323.
Note: You will access this article from the Walden Library databases.
The authors depict findings from an international nursing survey, which concludes that nurses work experiences (positive and negative) are remarkably consistent across countries, regardless of cultural differences. The authors propose that a global effort to improve the nurses work environments will lead to improved patient care.
Crigger, N. (2008). Towards a viable and just global nursing ethics. Nursing Ethics, 15 (1), 17–27.
Note: You will access this article from the Walden Library databases.
This article discusses global justice and the nursing profession, and proposes five characteristics to guide global ethics. The author proposes that technology and business can act as barriers to global justice.
Eckenwiler, L. A. (2009). The WHO code of practice on the international recruitment of health personnel: We have only just begun. Developing World Bioethics, 9(1).
Note: You will access this article from the Walden Library databases.
The World Health Organization (WHO) has drafted a Code of Practice to encourage global health care policies. The author focuses on the detrimental impact of health care professionals migrating from source countries (usually the global South) to destination countries. The author suggests that WHO could be more specific in the code relating to stakeholders and shared responsibilities to promote collaboration by all parties involved in global health care.
Koch, K., Schurmann, C., & Sawicki, P. (2010). The German health care system in international comparison: A patient perspective. Deutsches Arzteblatt International 107(24), 427–434.
Note: You will access this article from the Walden Library databases.
This article provides information gleaned from a Commonwealth Fund survey on international health care experiences. The authors report a variation in patient experiences and satisfaction internationally but German respondents reported less satisfaction than most countries. German patients tend to be seen by more than one doctor, and perhaps the reported dissatisfaction can be traced to a lack of coordination in care.
Lartey, S., Cummings, G., & Profetto-McGrath, J. (2014). Interventions that promote retention of experienced registered nurses in health care settings: A systematic review. Journal of Nursing Management, 22(8), 1027-1041. doi:10.1111/jonm.12105
NURS 8100 Week 10 Discussion: Nursing and Health Policy in Other Nations
Note: You will access this article from the Walden Library databases.
The authors of this study examine the effectiveness of strategies for retaining experienced Registered Nurses. Noting the challenges of nursing shortages on a global scale, the authors explore those factors that could promote the retention of experienced nurses and suggest new opportunities for fulfilling a sustained nursing workforce.
Tyer-Viola, L., Nicholas, P., Corless, I., Barry, D., Hoyt, P., Fitzpatrick, J., & Davis, S. (2009). Social responsibility of nursing: a global perspective. Policy, Politics & Nursing Practice, 10(2), 110–118. doi: 10.1177/1527154409339528
Note: You will access this article from the Walden Library databases.
This article depicts a study that examines nursing, social responsibility, and global health. The authors focus on concepts such as social justice, human rights, nurse migration, and nurse education as well as strategies to address these issues.
World Health Organization (WHO). (2010). Managing health workforce migration—The global Code of Practice. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/hrh/migration/code/practice/en/index.html
In 2010, WHO created the “Code of Practice on the International Recruitment of Health Personnel,” which urges a global policy on the recruitment of health care workers that would result in better global health care outcomes.
International Council of Nurses. (2010). International Council of Nurses. Retrieved from http://www.icn.ch/
This website provides information from the ICN, an international federation of nurses associations. The ICN is a global organization, operated by nurses that advocates the profession of nursing and promotes global health care policy.
Royal College of Nursing. (2011). The Royal College of Nursing. Retrieved from http://www.rcn.org.uk/
The RCN represents the interests of nurses in the United Kingdom and promotes health care policy.
Optional Resources
NURS 8100 Week 10 Discussion: Nursing and Health Policy in Other Nations
Evans, C., & Ndirangu, E. (2008). The nursing implications of routine provider-initiated HIV testing and counseling in sub-Saharan Africa: A critical review of new policy guidance from WHO/UNAIDS. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 46(5), 723–731.
France, C. (2008). The form and context of federalism: Meaning for health care financing. Journal of Health Politics, Policy & Law, 33(4), 649–705. doi: 10.1215/03616878-2008-012
International Nursing Review. (2009). ICN initiative to fortify health workforce will open new Centre in Uganda. International Nursing Review, 56(2), 151–152.
Pulcini, J., Jelic, M., Gul, R., & Loke, A. Y. (2010). An international survey on advanced practice nursing education, practice, and regulation. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 42(1), 31–39.
The COVID-19 epidemic is a global health concern. There are millions of doses of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines, that have been administered all over the world. Unfortunately, the rates of vaccination are different for different countries. The role of international organization would be to make the vaccines available to those with a dire need.
Helping implement a policy would be more effective than making one. When a solution to eradicate or minimize a disease is identified it is important for international organizations to play a role in developing or executing policies that would make it possible for success to be achieved.
Contagious diseases are managed well when there is herd immunity. It is therefore important to have equitable access to safe and effective vaccines if the COVID pandemic will be managed. World Health Organization (WHO) continues to encourage different tolerable and effective vaccines to be manufactured by different partners
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